It has been shown after mathematical and mechanical investigation that Limit Equilibrium Method (LEM) can be considered as a method to obtain the necessary condition of Slip Line Method (SLM), and that the solution can be obtained under the condition that F_s=1 and ∂F_s/∂θ=O, where F_s is the safety factor and θ is the inclination of the plane on which the safety factor is defined. Next, the generalized LEM (GLEM) is proposed, dealing with the following points : (1) Triangular or quadrangular blocks can be treated; (2) Safety factors are defined also on interblock planes; and () All types of plastic problems, slope stability, bearing capacity, and earth pressure are identically formulated. Two situations regarding treatment of the moment equilibrium condition are discussed. GLEM is applied to well-known problems. The results agree well with those obtained by theoretical methods. GLEM can be used to obtain the distribution of earth pressure or bearing capacity. GLEM, Iike ordinary LEM, is very effective for the practical problems, but GLEM is more theoretical and it can result in more accurate solutions.

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The performance of single pitch and multi pitch screw anchors during the application of installation torque is presented. An experimental testing program was conducted using five models of screw anchors with different geometry. The effect of the shape of the screw element, sand properties, and installation depth on the required installation torque value was examined. A theoretical model was developed from which the required installation torque value can be calculated in terms of the influencing factors. The required installation torque can be determined in terms of the ultimate uplift resistance calculated from any of the available theories. Based on the actual installation torque value measured in the field, the anticipated pullout capacity can be back calculated from the present theory. A comparison between theoretical and experimental results showed good agreement. Also, good agreement was observed when the present theoretical results were compared with the available field results reported in the literature.

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Background

The differences in conditions of enteric-coated acid-labile drug release and absorption between healthy subjects in bioequivalence studies and gastrointestinal patients in clinical practice can lead to significant differences in gastric stability of original PPIs and generics. Thus, pathologic duodenogastric reflux (PDGR) and the pH increasing within PPIs administration still remain unaccounted for.

Methods

Two-stage modified comparative dissolution testing of original omeprazole (OO) and four generics (G1;2;

;) was performed. At first, we moved drugs from solution with pH 1.2 (1.2±.05) to pH 7. (7.±.05) and measure concentration of omeprazole in solution by high-performance liquid chromatography. According to our self-developed formula, pH 7 exposure time of resistance to PDGR for omeprazole is minutes, i.. the active substance should not be released within minutes at pH 7. The exposure at the second stage was conducted with pH (.±.05), that imitated gastric pH after PPI administration. And then we also moved drugs to pH 7 with the subsequent measurement of omeprazole concentration.

Results

Omeprazole concentrations after

, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60 minutes in pH 7 solution at the first stage were different for OO and generics. For OO, these values were ,7±,7%; 41,±,%; 62,8±,%; 79,±2,9%; ,±2,9%; 81,6±2,9%; 80,6±,%; for Generic1 - ; 49,±9,9%; 88,8 ±2,8%; 90,±,7%; 88, 2±2,2%; 87,±2,%; 85,9±1,1%; for Generic2 - ; 30,6±6,%; 66,7±8,2%; 76,±7,%; ,8±,%; 86,±,7%; 84,6±,%: for Generic - 80,8±,6%; ,±1,9%; , 8±,2%; ,±2,7%; 81,9±2,1%; ,1±2,%; ,±2,%; for Generic - ,±1,7%; 84,±,8%; 84,2±1,2%; , 9±,9%; ,9±,9%; ,9±,9%; ,8±1,1%, respectively.

An analysis of the omeprazole concentration in pH 7 solution at the second stage revealed the following parameters after the same time: for OO -

,±,6%; 40, ±,%; 62,8±2,%; 80,±,1%; 85,±2,9%; ,8±,%; 80,9±,%; for Generic1 - ; 67,±7,8%; ,7±2,%; 91, 9±,%; ,1±1,6%; 88,±1,%; 87,8±1,2%; for Generic2 - ; 42,2±,6%; 75,1±7,%; 81,±6,%; 88,±,2%; 88, 6±1,%; 87,9±1,%; for Generic - 85,±,%; 85,6±,%; 84,7±,9%; ,7±,%; 84,±,%; 84,±,%; 84,±,%, respectively. Generic release and degradation were completely realized at pH .

Conclusion

Decreased gastric stability of Generic

and Generic makes PDGR and inhibited gastric acid secretion due to PPIs administration the potential causes of decreased enteric-coated acid-labile drugs stability.

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We screened the differentiation-inducing activities of 39 mushroom extracts from Akita prefecture, Japan, on the mouse osteoblastic cell line, MCT-1. Sixteen phosphate buffered saline (PBS), 8 boiled PBS, 14 ethanol and 12 methanol extracts induced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities, an indicator of MCT-1 cell differentiation. The enzyme activities were markedly induced by extracts of Tricholoma auratum, and we isolated the active compound from methanol extracts of this mushroom. Physical data for the isolated active compound were identical to those for (,24R)-ergosta-7,-diene-,,6β-triol (1). 1 induced ALP activities of MCT-1 cells and promoted cell proliferation. To investigate the relationships between the chemical structure and differentiation-inducing activity of the compound, ALP-inducing activities of MCT-1 cells by 1, ergosterol (2), ergocalciferol (), cholesta-,,6β-triol (), 7-dehydrocholesterol () and cholecalciferol (6) were tested. The enzyme activities of MCT-1 cells were increased .-fold by 10 μM 1 and 2.-fold by 10 μM . However, 2, , and 6 did not induce MCT-1 cell ALP activity at .1—10 μM. These results suggested that the OH groups at C- and/or C-6 of 1 and played an important role in their differentiation-inducing activities on MCT-1 cells. Furthermore, 1 suppressed induction of MCT-1 cell apoptosis by serum starvation.

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Background: Exenatide (EXE), a prototypical GLP-1R agonist, is known as glucoregulator, antiobesogenic and antidyslipidemic in hyperlipidic and hyperglucidic diet-induced obesity in rats (DIO). Objective: To evaluate bone effects of DIO and DIO treatment with EXE (DIO-

). Methods: 72-75-day-old male rats had access only to (i) hyperlipidic food (.2 kcal/g) and 30% sucrose solution for drinking (1.2 kcal/mL), or (ii) received normocaloric diet ( kcal/g) and were allowed to feed and to drink water

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libitum. 122-125-day-old rats with 20% overweight were selected from i as obese and those with normal weight were selected from ii as control (C) animals. Thus, obese animals remained untreated (DIO) or were treated with 10 μg EXE/kg sc (DIO-) daily, for 20 days. Plasma levels of insulin (INS), leptin (LEP), osteocalcin (OCN), carboxy-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen (CTX-1) (ng/mL), as well as calcitonin (CT) and procollagen type 1 amino-terminal propeptide (P1NP) (pg/mL) were measured by ELISA. Bone mineral density of femur (BMDF) (g/) was measured by X-rays. Results: DIO exhibited similar INS (12.9±1., n=) and CT (2.80±1.05, n=), higher LEP (.33±.04, n=) and lower CTX-1 (.48±., n=) than C. The treatment of DIO with EXE restored LEP (.04±.02, n=), decreased CTX-1 (.50±., n=) and increased CT (6.87±.72, n=). The levels of OCN (1.58±.41, n=), P1NP (92.64±16., n=) and BMDF (1.9±.07, n=) of C and those of DIO and DIO- were similar. Conclusions: Despite of increased LEP, decreased CTX-1 and normal OCN, P1NP and BMDF reflect a relative normal balance in bone turnover in DIO. Mechanical overloading due to high body mass is known as a factor that promotes this normal condition. Given that EXE decreases 14% body mass of DIO, the present study suggests that normalization of LEP and increased CT and decreased CTX-1 are concomitant beneficial effects of EXE that contribute for maintaining bone turnover under decreased mechanical load in DIO.

Supported by FAPESP, CNPq and CAPES

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Plate anchors are the popular type of anchors used in civil engineering construction both on land and offshore. In this paper, the uplift capacity of plate anchor in a sloped clayey ground has been brought out with the help of an experimental programme, carried out on a 50mm diameter model plate anchor. The tests have been conducted at slopes of O°, 15°, 30°and 45°. From the test results, it is found that in the case of shallow anchor, as the slope is increasing from O°to 45°, there seems to be a reduction in uplift capacity. Simple expressions are suggested to arrive at the uplift capacities in sloped ground. The mechanisms involved in the reduction of capacity with slope are explained based on the observed behaviour.

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Laboratory model test results for the holding capacity of inclined shallow square plate anchors in clay (φ= concept) have been presented. The inclination of the anchor with respect to the horizontal was varied from zero to 90°. Based on the model study, an empirical relationship for estimating the ultimate holding capacity of the anchors has been presented.

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The applicability of a method for predicting 'bearing capacity increase'in reinforced sandy ground was examined using tests performed under various test conditions. It was found that the present method predicted, with reasonable accuracy, the bearing capacity increase in sandy ground, reinforced with stiff reinforcement. This method may not be applicable for sandy ground reinforced with extensible reinforcement due to the unsuccessful formation of a semirigid zone under the footing. An investigation into the settlement of a footing on reinforced sandy ground, at ultimate footing load condition, suggested that the settlement of footing for reaching peak footing load may be correlated to the 'deep-footing'and the 'wide-slab'mechanisms. That is, the ultimate settlement ratio between reinforced and unreinforced model sandy ground, SR_f, may be linearly correlated to 'BCR_D'and 'BCR_s', which represent 'deep-footing' and 'wide-slab'effects, respectively, on the ultimate bearing capacity increase in reinforced sandy ground.

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The association between apolipoprotein (Apo-) polymorphism and the response of plasma cholesterol to dietary therapy (cholesterol intake of less than 300mg/day) was investigated for about 8 weeks in 208 nonfamilial hypercholesterolemia patients (/ 161, / 47). The baseline lipoprotein concentration and the intake of energy and lipids were not significantly different between subjects with / and those with / phenotypes. After the dietary therapy plasma total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol were significantly decreased in both phenotype groups (p<.05). The patients with / had significantly smaller reductions of LDL-C than the patients with /. The changes of LDL-C showed a significant difference between the patients with / and / by the Kruskal Wallis test (p=.041). The presence of / predicted the degree of cholesterol reduction following dietary therapy.

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Objective: This study was conducted to determine whether to perform endovascular intervention or bypass surgery as a treatment option for critical limb ischemia (CLI) with lesions in the popliteal artery or below.Subjects and Methods: A total of 150 patients (164 limbs) with CLI underwent endovascular intervention or bypass surgery for lesions in the popliteal artery or below at our department between May 1995 and June 2011. Therapeutic outcomes were examined by surgical technique. An indication for endovascular intervention was established with the combination of (1) poor general condition, and (2) a stenotic or occlusive lesion ≤ cm.Results: The bypass group (group B) comprised 119 patients (99 males, 20 females) with 131 affected limbs at 46 to years of age (mean: 70 years). The endovascular intervention group (group ) comprised 31 patients (25 males, 6 females) with 33 affected limbs at 47 to years of age (mean: 72 years). There was no significant difference in patient demography between the two groups. Regarding preoperative complications, hypertension was observed in 54% and 61% of the subjects in groups B and , respectively, diabetes in 36% and 55%, renal dysfunction in 29% and 58%, ischemic heart disease in 27% and 32%, and cerebrovascular disorder in 18% and 23%; renal dysfunction accounted for a significantly higher percentage in group . As for early postoperative complications, subjects in group B experienced wound infections (6 patients), hemorrhage (2), thrombosis (2), pneumonia (1), and another complication (1), and those in group experienced wound infections (1) and another complication (1). The hospital mortality rate was .8% (1 patient) for group B and % for group . The -year cumulative primary patency rate was 72% for group B and 54% for group ; the rate was significantly higher for group B. The -year secondary patency rate was % for group B and 60% for group . The -year limb salvage rate was 86% for group B and % for group ; there was no significant difference between the two groups. The -year survival rate was 57% for group B and 42% for group ; the survival rate was significantly lower for group .Conclusion: For the study population of CLI patients with lesions in the popliteal artery or below, the patency rate was higher for the bypass group than for the endovascular intervention group, whereas there was no difference in the limb salvage rate. Based on the findings in prognosis for survival, the indication for endovascular intervention at our department is believed to be appropriate. (*English translation of Jpn J Vasc Surg 2013; : 715-718)

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（はじめに）血清クレアチニン（Ｃｒe）は性・年齢による影響をうけるため正確に 腎機能を反映しないとされる。このため日本腎臓病学会から腎機能の評価に―ＧＦＲを用いることが提唱されている。そこで、今回、本院のドック・健診受診者の腎機能を－ＧＦＲで評価し、その有用性について検討したので報告する。 （対象・方法）対象は平成２１年月～７月までの受診者、男２１９名、女３５０名（計５６９名）である。改訂ＭＤＲＤ簡易式により血清Ｃｒｅから－ＧＦＲを算出し、性・年代別に集計し、有用性を評価した。 （結果）男性のＣｒｅ平均値は.±.11、女性は.58±.08（基準値：男.～1.・女.2～.8）であった。男性の年代別の－ＧＦＲ平均値は、２０代97.1±15.9、３０代94.8±10.、４０代.8±9.1、５０代.1±12.8、６０代76.9±13.2、７０代↑75.±12.8。女性の２０代104.8±18.、３０代96.±15.6、４０代87.1±13.9、５０代.±11.8、６０代80.9±15.1、７０代↑74.8±17.9であった。日本腎臓病学会のＣＫＤステージ分類ではステージ_II_（－ＧＦＲ60～）をＧＦＲ軽度低下としている。－ＧＦＲの結果からするとステージ_II_は、男性１３１名（59.8％）、女性１６４名（46.8％）。ステージ_III_は男性１６名（7.％）、女性１４名（.％）であった。 （まとめ）腎機能の指標として－ＧＦＲは血清クレアチニンよりは鋭敏とみなされるが女性高齢者では体表面積で補正した－ＧＦＲで評価すべきと考えられた。　　

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The saponin fraction from the seeds of the tea plant [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. KUNTZE (Theaceae)] was found to exhibit potent protective effects on ethanol- and indomethacin-induced gastric mucosal lesions in rats. Five new triterpene saponins, theasaponins (1), (2), (), (), and (), were isolated together with 11 known saponins from the saponin fraction. The chemical structures of 1— were elucidated on the basis of chemical and physicochemical evidence. Among the isolated saponins, theasaponins (6), (7), and () and assamsaponin C (10) showed an inhibitory effect on ethanol-induced gastric mucosal lesions at a dose of . mg/kg, p.o. and their activities were stronger than that of omeplazole. With regard to the structure–activity relationships of theasaponins, the following structural requirements for a protective effect on ethanol-induced gastric lesions were suggested; 1) the 21- and/or -acyl groups are essential for the activity, 2) acetylation of the 16-hydroxyl group reduce the activity.

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