The ability of Climacodon septentrionalis to immobilize and kill a mycophagous nematode (Aphelenchoides sp.) in vitro is described for the first time. Two isolates produced droplets (20–45 μm in diameter) that formed at the apices of tall, stalked, and branching secretory cells (700–

,500 μm tall). On 2% modified malt extract agar, nematodes became enveloped in the droplets, which restricted their ability to move and resulted in complete immobilization and death within several hours of contact. The rate of decomposition of the nematodes varied considerably, with most individuals persisting for weeks whereas others were degraded within several days and appeared to be colonized by dense hyphal growth. This study provides the first documentation of a non-agaricoid fungus producing secretory cells that are able to immobilize nematodes.

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We observed transients during the isotopic analysis of carbon dioxide, which could not be attributed to mixing processes because of their asymmetry, and to explain these we were led to consider the effects of diffusion on gas flow in the sample line. In particular, we investigated the propagation by diffusion of a concentration anomaly against a steady gas flow. If fractionation of isotopic(or chemical)species at the leak is to cause a change with time of the composition of the gas in the sample reservoir, then the effects of the fractionation must diffuse backwards as far as the gas reservoir.Using a one-dimensional Green's function, we obtained explicit analytical functions for the steady state concentration variation along a connecting tube between the leak and the reservoir, and for the composition variations with time at the leak. It is shown that the isotopic composition in the sample reservoir need not vary with time, even with a fractionating leak, provided that bulk gas velocity in the connecting tube is large enough. It is also shown that the diffusion process in combination with a fractionating leak can lead to the type of transients we observed.

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The gamma-ray spectrum and the conversion-electron spectrum are measured in the decay of the ^116mIn activity. Directional correlations are also measured for 818–1293 and 1097–1293 keV cascades. The M-2 mixing ratio δ, and the 0-2 mixing ratio μ_k are obtained for 818.7 keV +→2₁⁺ transition to be δ=−+0.26, and μ_k≤.×10−

4

respectively. The

E

2 branching ratio

B

(

E

2;

2₂

+→0_g⁺): (2; +→2₁⁺): (2; +→0₁⁺) is determined to be 0.0158:.0:.86.

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Six full-length cDNAs encoding pig cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, CYPA, CYP2A19, CYP2, CYP2C33v, CYP2C49, and CYP2, were isolated and sequenced. The cDNA sequences of pig CYPA, CYP2A19, CYP2, CYP2C49, and CYP2 showed high similarity to human (85.%), CYP2A13 (88.%), (.%), CYP2C18 (85.3%), and (82.%), respectively, and pig cDNA showed high similarity to rat CYP2C23 (79.2%). Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays revealed hepatic gene expression of all these pig CYP enzymes: the order of expression was and > CYP2C49 > and CYP2A19 > . In the kidney, the gene was expressed at the same level as in the liver, but the , CYP2A19, and genes were expressed at lower levels than in the liver. Little renal gene expression of CYP2C49 and CYP2 was observed. We revealed for the first time the full-length cDNA sequences encoding pig CYPA and five CYP enzymes belonging to the CYP2 gene family, thus making it possible to examine the gene expression levels of these CYP enzymes in pig tissues by RT-PCR.

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We compared three groups of pregnant women: placebo with normotensive women, group A which included preeclamptics, and group which comprised preeclamptics who were supplemented their diets with vitamins C and . MDA increased from . ± 2.8 (placebo) to 8.48 ± .2 (A) and 8.02 ± .8 nmol/gHb (). NO concentrations were enhanced from 19.3 ± .2 (P) to 23.8 ± . (A) and 24. ± . μmol/L (). GSH contents were decreased from 10.42 ± 2. (P) to 8.02 ± 2.92 (A) and 9.39 ± .02 μmol/g Hb (), whereas GSSG concentrations increased from 0.98 ± 0.28 (P) to .24 ± 0.29 (A) and .08 ± 0.12 μmol/g Hb (). SOD activity decreased 23% in A and 14% in ; GRx decreased 27% in A and .% in ; GPx decreased 12% in A and 9.% in . Catalase activity, however, increased 27% in A and 29% in as compared to control. Thus, we conclude that the use of vitamins C and should be considered for the control of certain important biochemical indices during the development of preeclampsia; however, further studies are needed to develop methods for the prevention of preeclampsia in women at high risk.

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The possibility of attenuation of microseismic waves due to the presence of an upward folding of the ocean bottom into the liquid is discussed in this paper. The upward folding of the ocean bottom has been idealized by means of an irregularity in the form of a rectangle intruding into the liquid and the evaluation of the displacement component at any point of the solid medium has been carried out in two stages. First, the change in the incident mode of the surface wave due to the presence of the rectangular irregularity has been determined, and second, the subsequent change of the resulting displacement components due to the termination of the liquid layer and the step change in elevation of the solid medium at the continental margin has been discovered. Finally, numerical calculation has been made to determine the attenuation of the microseismic waves of different periods due to the presence of the rectangular irregularity at the ocean bottom.

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The gamma-ray spectrum and the conversion-electron spectrum are measured in the decay of the Tb¹⁵² activity. The L-subshell electron lines of the 586.7 keV +→2₁⁺ transition are separated by the ion-free beta-ray spectrometer. The M-2 mixing ratio, δ², and the dimensionless ratio X of 0-2 mixing of the 586.7 keV transition are obtained to be δ²≤0.16 and 0.034≤X≤0.038, respectively. The 2 branching ratio (2; +→0_g⁺): (2; +→2₁⁺): (2; +→0₁⁺) is determined to be 0.023 : .0 : ..

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Zebra mussels have profound environmental impact on any area they infest. They also foul all exposed marine structures and cause a number of problems to industrial raw water users. The reason for this is rooted in their biology. One of the primary biological factors of concern is the presence of a vast number of free living larvae (the veligers) . The free living larvae aid dispersal and allow penetration and infestation of industrial systems. All raw water systems are vulnerable to infestation to greater or lesser degree. Of particular concern are safety systems such as fire protection.
The ability of the mussel to firmly attach to a wide range of substrates results in fouling of all available surface and difficulty in removal.
Further, the hard shell of the adult allows it to isolate itself from the environment and survive short periods of unfavourable conditions.
Monitoring for their arrival and their seasonal abundance provides early warning and triggers mitigation.
This paper deals briefly with the biology of zebra mussels, how to monitor for them and how to decide on proactive vs reactive treatment strategy for industrial systems. To-date, many different chemical and non-chemical techniques for zebra mussel control have been investigated. However, the treatment of choice for most facilities is still based on some form of chemical control.

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We screened the differentiation-inducing activities of 39 mushroom extracts from Akita prefecture, Japan, on the mouse osteoblastic cell line, MC3T3-. Sixteen phosphate buffered saline (PBS), 8 boiled PBS, 14 ethanol and 12 methanol extracts induced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities, an indicator of MC3T3- cell differentiation. The enzyme activities were markedly induced by extracts of Tricholoma auratum, and we isolated the active compound from methanol extracts of this mushroom. Physical data for the isolated active compound were identical to those for (,24R)-ergosta-7,-diene-3β,,-triol (). induced ALP activities of MC3T3- cells and promoted cell proliferation. To investigate the relationships between the chemical structure and differentiation-inducing activity of the compound, ALP-inducing activities of MC3T3- cells by , ergosterol (2), ergocalciferol (3), cholesta-3β,,-triol (), 7-dehydrocholesterol () and cholecalciferol () were tested. The enzyme activities of MC3T3- cells were increased 3.0-fold by 10 μM and 2.-fold by 10 μM . However, 2, 3, and did not induce MC3T3- cell ALP activity at 0.—10 μM. These results suggested that the OH groups at C- and/or C- of and played an important role in their differentiation-inducing activities on MC3T3- cells. Furthermore, suppressed induction of MC3T3- cell apoptosis by serum starvation.

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The phase diagrams of the Ni-Mo- and Ni-W- ternary systems in the region of less than 50mol% were constructed by thermodynamic calculation, based on the data obtained by thermodynamic measurement of the related materials. We found three ternary eutectic points and three or two ternary peritecto-eutectic points as follows:
:L (1365K, 71.mol%Ni-.0mol%Mo-.mol%)=(Ni)++
:L (1355K, 62.mol%Ni-2.mol%Mo-30.mol%)=++
:L (1445K, 42.0mol%Ni-30.mol%Mo-10.3mol%)=(Ni)+NiMo+
:L (1812K, 34.9mol%Ni-42.3mol%Mo-.8mol%)+MoB=+
P₂:L (1633K, 42.3mol%Ni-40.mol%Mo-17.3mol%)+Mo=+
P₃:L (1812K, 53.mol%Ni-33.7mol%Mo-12.8mol%)+Mo=NiMo+
:L (1622K, 51.0mol%Ni-31.mol%W-17.mol%)=(Ni)+W+
:L (1260K, 71.0mol%Ni-7.0mol%W-.0mol%)=(Ni)++
:L (1291K, 65.mol%Ni-.8mol%W-29.8mol%)=++
:L (2115K, 23.8mol%Ni-43.mol%W-33.mol%)+WB=+
P₂:L (1657K, 48.9mol%Ni-33.mol%W-18.0mol%)+=W+
The calculated phase diagrams are expected to be useful for the development of new Ni-based heat-, corrosion- or wear-resistance alloys.

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The effects of the pressure of ambient gas and sample temperature on photo-acoustic displacement (PAD) were studied quantitatively using an extremely sensitive laser interferometric probe. For silicon, the PAD signal measured at atmospheric pressure increased by about 18% as compared to that obtained in a vacuum, and varied by less than 0.7% for a change in pressure of % around atm. This effect was attributed to the decrease in refractive index of the gas adjacent to the sample. Temperature rise caused PAD to increase proportionally, and for GaAs, PAD varied 0.% per degree. The variation of PAD with temperature was accurately explained by the temperature dependence of thermal expansion coefficient and thermal conductivity of the sample.

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A novel ring contraction for the conversion of 2, 7-disubstituted 10H-dipyridazino [, - : ', '-] [, ] thiazine-, -(2H, 7H)-diones ('a-c) into the corresponding 2, -disubstituted 9H-dipyridazino [, - : ', '-d] pyrrole-, (2H, H)-diones (7'a-c), through a base-induced extrusion of sulfur, is described. Heating of 'a-c in dimethylformamide in the presence of potassium carbonate smoothly afforded 7'a-c, respectively, in good yields, although neither 2, 8-dimethyl-10H-dipyridazino [, - : ', '-] [, ] thiazine-, 9 (2H, 8H)-dione ('a), nor 3, 7-dimethyl-10H-dipyridazino [, - : ', '-] [, ] thiazine-, (3H, 7H)-dione ('a) was susceptible to similar reaction conditions. The mechanism of the ring contraction, which may involve an intermediate (anion, C^-) containing a thiirane ring, is also discussed.

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This study aimed to determine the prevalence of fecal carriage of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and/or plasmidic AmpC β-lactamase (pAmpC) producing Escherichia coli among dogs (n=428) in Turkey. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing were used to characterize genes encoding β-lactamase and plasmid mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and PCRs for virulence genes and phylogenetic groups were also performed. Cefotaxime resistant

. coli isolates were detected in 95 (.2%) of the swab samples. Sequencing analysis results showed occurrence of various β-lactamase genes: bla_CTX-M-15 (62), blaTEM-

1b

(42), bla_CMY-2 (

22

), bla_CTX-M-3 (16), blaCTX-M-

1

(15), blaOXA-

1

(9) and bla_SHV-12 (3) alone or in combination. The most frequently encountered phylogenetic group was group

A₁

(35.8%), followed by group D₂ (

22

.

1

%),

B

1

(15.8%),

D₁

(9.

5

%), A₀ (7.

4

%),

B2₂

(

5

.3%) and

B2₃

(

4

.2%), respectively. PMQR genes, aac(

6

’)-Ib-cr,

qnrS1

and qnrB10 were detected in 25.3, 10.

5

and

1

.

1

% of the isolates, respectively. While all isolates were susceptible to imipenem and amikacin, resistance rates to non-β-lactam antibiotics ranged from 20.0% for tobramycin to 56.8% for tetracycline. The virulence genes were only detected in 34 (36.2%) of the isolates and this isolates carried single or various combination of virulence genes of iucD, papC, papE, f17a-A and eaeA. Four isolates were identified as human virulent pandemic CTX-M-15 producing

E

. coli clone O25

b

:ST131/

B

2. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to show fecal carriage of ESBL/pAmpC type β-lactamase producing

E

. coli isolates among dogs in Turkey.

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