The ability of Climacodon septentrionalis to immobilize and kill a mycophagous nematode (Aphelenchoides sp.) in vitro is described for the first time. Two isolates produced droplets (20–45 μm in diameter) that formed at the apices of tall, stalked, and branching secretory cells (700–

,500 μm tall). On % modified malt extract agar, nematodes became enveloped in the droplets, which restricted their ability to move and resulted in complete immobilization and death within several hours of contact. The rate of decomposition of the nematodes varied considerably, with most individuals persisting for weeks whereas others were degraded within several days and appeared to be colonized by dense hyphal growth. This study provides the first documentation of a non-agaricoid fungus producing secretory cells that are able to immobilize nematodes.

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We observed transients during the isotopic analysis of carbon dioxide, which could not be attributed to mixing processes because of their asymmetry, and to explain these we were led to consider the effects of diffusion on gas flow in the sample line. In particular, we investigated the propagation by diffusion of a concentration anomaly against a steady gas flow. If fractionation of isotopic(or chemical)species at the leak is to cause a change with time of the composition of the gas in the sample reservoir, then the effects of the fractionation must diffuse backwards as far as the gas reservoir.Using a one-dimensional Green's function, we obtained explicit analytical functions for the steady state concentration variation along a connecting tube between the leak and the reservoir, and for the composition variations with time at the leak. It is shown that the isotopic composition in the sample reservoir need not vary with time, even with a fractionating leak, provided that bulk gas velocity in the connecting tube is large enough. It is also shown that the diffusion process in combination with a fractionating leak can lead to the type of transients we observed.

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-Benzyl--chloro--mercapto-3 (H)-pyridazinone () was heated in ethanol under reflux for 10 hours to form concurrently , -dibenzyldipyridazo [, - : ', '-]-, -dithiin-, (H, H)-dione (Ia) (57% in yield) and , 8-dibenzyldipyridazo [, - : ', '-]-, -dithiin-, 9 (H, 8H)-dione (IIa) (14% in yield). Assignment of the two products to the corresponding structures is established by their physico-chemical constants and chemical behaviors. The concurrent formation of the dipyridazo [, - : ', '-]-, -dithiin-, (H, H)-dione and the -, 9 (H, 8H)-dione were observed in, not only heating -chloro--mercapto-3 (H)-pyridazinones (-3) in polar solvent, but warming -mercapto--chloro-3 (H)-pyridazinones (-) in the presence of potassium carbonate in DMF. For the interpretation of the reaction, keto-thioketo carbenes as active intermediate species and a reversible interconversion among them are suggested on the basis of the fact that there was nonexistence of an equilibrium between the two compounds, such as Ia and IIa, under the reaction condition and a trapping keto-thioketo carbene species as -phenylimino--benzylpyridazo [, -d]-, 3-dithiol- (H)-one (IVa) (14% in yield) along with the major products, (Ia) and (IIa), was furnished by warming with phenylisothiocyanate in the presence of triethylamine in dry benzene. On the contrary, participation of a reversible interconversion between Ia and IIa, to a considerable extent, with the concurrent formation of them in the case of benzylation of either Ib or IIb, by warming with benzylchloride in the presence of potassium carbonate in DMF at 80°, might not be neglected, because an attempted approach to an equilibrium between Ia and IIa in a similar reaction condition except the use of benzylchloride realized, whereas non-existence of an equilibrium between Ib and IIb in the similar reaction condition was observed.

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Baeospora occidentalis is described as a new species associated with melting snow in montane coniferous forests of the western USA. The species is springfruiting and is characterized by a long tapering pseudorhiza covered with white basal rhizomorphs which extends deeply into the needle litter or woody debris. It possesses a multiallelic, tetrapolar mating system. Monokaryotic mycelia produce arthroconidia.

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Zebra mussels have profound environmental impact on any area they infest. They also foul all exposed marine structures and cause a number of problems to industrial raw water users. The reason for this is rooted in their biology. One of the primary biological factors of concern is the presence of a vast number of free living larvae (the veligers) . The free living larvae aid dispersal and allow penetration and infestation of industrial systems. All raw water systems are vulnerable to infestation to greater or lesser degree. Of particular concern are safety systems such as fire protection.
The ability of the mussel to firmly attach to a wide range of substrates results in fouling of all available surface and difficulty in removal.
Further, the hard shell of the adult allows it to isolate itself from the environment and survive short periods of unfavourable conditions.
Monitoring for their arrival and their seasonal abundance provides early warning and triggers mitigation.
This paper deals briefly with the biology of zebra mussels, how to monitor for them and how to decide on proactive vs reactive treatment strategy for industrial systems. To-date, many different chemical and non-chemical techniques for zebra mussel control have been investigated. However, the treatment of choice for most facilities is still based on some form of chemical control.

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The possibility of attenuation of microseismic waves due to the presence of an upward folding of the ocean bottom into the liquid is discussed in this paper. The upward folding of the ocean bottom has been idealized by means of an irregularity in the form of a rectangle intruding into the liquid and the evaluation of the displacement component at any point of the solid medium has been carried out in two stages. First, the change in the incident mode of the surface wave due to the presence of the rectangular irregularity has been determined, and second, the subsequent change of the resulting displacement components due to the termination of the liquid layer and the step change in elevation of the solid medium at the continental margin has been discovered. Finally, numerical calculation has been made to determine the attenuation of the microseismic waves of different periods due to the presence of the rectangular irregularity at the ocean bottom.

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The gamma-ray spectrum and the conversion-electron spectrum are measured in the decay of the ^116mIn activity. Directional correlations are also measured for 818–1293 and 1097–1293 keV cascades. The M- mixing ratio δ, and the 0- mixing ratio μ_k are obtained for 818. keV +→2₁⁺ transition to be δ=−+0.26, and μ_k≤.×10−

4

respectively. The

E

2

branching ratio

B

(

E

2

;

2₂

+→0_g⁺): (; +→2₁⁺): (; +→0₁⁺) is determined to be 0.0158:.0:.86.

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A novel ring contraction for the conversion of , -disubstituted 10H-dipyridazino [, - : ', '-] [, ] thiazine-, -(H, H)-diones ('a-c) into the corresponding , -disubstituted 9H-dipyridazino [, - : ', '-d] pyrrole-, (H, H)-diones ('a-c), through a base-induced extrusion of sulfur, is described. Heating of 'a-c in dimethylformamide in the presence of potassium carbonate smoothly afforded 'a-c, respectively, in good yields, although neither , 8-dimethyl-10H-dipyridazino [, - : ', '-] [, ] thiazine-, 9 (H, 8H)-dione ('a), nor 3, -dimethyl-10H-dipyridazino [, - : ', '-] [, ] thiazine-, (3H, H)-dione ('a) was susceptible to similar reaction conditions. The mechanism of the ring contraction, which may involve an intermediate (anion, C^-) containing a thiirane ring, is also discussed.

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Experimental investigation on stress development in sand due to installation and uplifting of helical screw anchors is presented. Five model anchors with different geometry were tested to examine the effect of screw shape on stress development in sand. The sand was placed in layers and mechanically compacted by a hand-held air hammer. The testing tank was equipped with stress transducers located at predetermined positions to allow measuring the stresses in the sand around and in the near vicinity of the installation path. Stress transducers were oriented such that vertical and lateral stresses could be measured. Anchors were installed into layers of dense, medium, and loose sands. Stress measurements indicated that the tested sands were slightly overconsolidated due to the utilized placing technique. Furthermore, measured stresses were used to determine the extent of stress field inside the sand. Deflections of sand surface, during pullout load application, were measured by displacement transducers. The stresses measured within the sand together with the recorded surface deflections were utilized to establish the extent of the mechanism of failure for shallow, transit, and deep anchors.

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-(-Aminophenylthio)-3, -dichloropyridazine (I) on treating with dil. Hydrochloric acid or acetic acid gave 3-chloro-H-benzo[]pyridazino[, 3-][, ]thiazine (3, -diazapheno-thiazine type) through rearrangement and cyclization. 3-Chloro-10H-benzo[]pyridazino-[3, -][, ]thiazine (, -diazaphenothiazine type) was obtained by either heating of I at 150°or treating of I with conc. hydrochloric acid through direct cyclization. The mechanism of the aforesaid reactions was discussed using a molecular orbital method. Several , -and 3, -diazaphenothiazine derivatives were synthesized.

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The gamma-ray spectrum and the conversion-electron spectrum are measured in the decay of the Tb¹⁵² activity. The L-subshell electron lines of the 586. keV +→2₁⁺ transition are separated by the ion-free beta-ray spectrometer. The M- mixing ratio, , and the dimensionless ratio X of 0- mixing of the 586. keV transition are obtained to be ≤0.16 and 0.034≤X≤0.038, respectively. The branching ratio (; +→0_g⁺): (; +→2₁⁺): (; +→0₁⁺) is determined to be 0.023 : .0 : ..

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