The characteristic mechanical activities of the smooth muscles found in all organs of the body are highly variable and depend mainly on the spatial arrangement of the muscle cells and the stroma: mass, orientation, relationships, links, constraints, which are deployed in various configurations. These structural features are examined here for their mechanical relevance, in light and electron microscopic views of several muscles of viscera and blood vessels, in a selection of mammalian species. Smooth muscles are incompressible and therefore maintain constant volume. They do not have available space and any movement of a part requires displacement of another part. Most of them have no terminations or points of attachment, and in hollow organs such as intestines, blood vessels and uro-genital tract they usually form structures closed onto themselves, such as rings or bag-like containers In these situations, changes in the size of the lumen is achieved very efficiently by a concentric inward enlargement that accompanies muscle contraction. The longitudinal arrangement of collagen blocks an elongation of small blood vessels upon contraction, further enhancing the efficiency of lumen reduction. In other muscles, links between layers and special arrangements of the stroma allow both shortening and elongation of a tubular organ to occur. The mechanics of smooth muscles has many characteristic features (some unique, some shared with those of hydrostats, some at variance with other muscles) and histological data are a contribution to our understanding of these properties.

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All the cells of rat detrusor muscle fall into one of five ultrastructural types: muscle cells, fibroblasts, axons and glia, and vascular cells (endothelial cells and pericytes). The tissue is ~79% cellular and 21% non-cellular. Muscle cells occupy 72%, nerves ~

% (/ axons, 2/ glia), and fibroblast >% of space. Muscle cells (up to µm across and ~600 µm long, packed to almost 100,000 per mm²) have surface-to-volume ratio of 2. µm²/ ~93% of cell volume is contractile apparatus, .% mitochondria and 2.5% nucleus. Cell profiles are irregular but sectional area decreases regularly towards either end of the cell. Muscle cells are gathered into bundles (the mechanical units of detrusor), variable in length and size, but of constant width. The musculature is highly compact (without fascia or capsule) with smooth outer surfaces and extensive association and adhesion between its cells. Among many types of intercellular contact and junction, digitations are very common, each muscle cell issuing minute finger-like processes that abut on adjacent cells. Sealed apposition are wide areas of specialized contact, possibly forming a chamber between two muscle cells, distinct from the extracellular space at large (stromal space). The innervation is very dense, virtually all intramuscular axons being varicose (including afferent ones). There are identifiable neuro-muscular junctions on each muscle cell, often several junctions on a single cell. There are also unattached terminals. Fibroblasts (involved in the production of collagen), ~% of the total number of cells, do not make specialized contacts.

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Two new polyacetylene compounds (, , 12)--acetoxy--isovaleryloxytetradeca-, , 12-trien-8, 10-diyn-14-ol (), and (, , 12)--acetoxy--(2-methylbutyryloxy)tetradeca-, , 12-trien-8, 10-diyn-14-ol (C) have been isolated along with (, , 12)--acetoxy--senecioyloxytetradeca-, , 12-trien-8, 10-diyn-14-ol (A) from Atractylodes Rhizome (Karabyakujutu). The structures of these compounds were determined on the basis of their spectral data.

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A method for analyzing the uncertainties involving the use of empirical relationships in design is developed. It is applied to evaluate the reliability of the relationship s_u(mobilized)=(measured), whereby the pertinent uncertainties are analyzed using extensive laboratory and field observed data. On the average, the relationship s_u(mobilized)= (measured) is unbiased and the error implicit in the relationship is about 15%. When cone values are used to infer s'_p, additional uncertainties on the mobilized undrained strength will incur resulting mainly from the calibration uncertainty between σ'_p and the cone values. Alternatively, vane tests may be performed to infer the mobilized strength using Bjerrum correction factor. Results show that uncertainty level associated with using the vane tests is smaller than that using the cone values, provided that similar scatter is observed between measured vane and cone values at a given site. However, prediction of the mobilized strength is even more accurate if direct measurements can be made on the preconsolidation pressure. The proposed probabilistic method also assesses the benefit of additional tests besides comparing the accuracy of using various soil parameters for predicting mobilized undrained strength. Such information is essential for planning cost-effective site characterization program.

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This paper presents reinforcing mechanisms and a method for analyzing reinforced earth structures. The reinforcing mechanism presented is divided into two stages, a fixed slip surface and an arbitrarily selected slip surface. The mechanism is studied through direct shear tests and plane strain compression tests including some geotextiles. The reinforcing materials considered in this paper only have tensile strength. The authors have already proposed a method called Generalized Limit Equilibrium Method (GLEM) for analyzing stability problems. The validity of the method has already been shown in previously published papers. In this paper, the method is extended to carry out a stability analysis for reinforced earth structures. Finally, large scale model tests for the bearing capacity of foundations on reinforced slopes were carried out to investigate the validity of the proposed reinforcing mechanism and the analytical method. Through comparisons of observations of experiments and results of the analytical method, the validity of the present work is demonstrated.

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メチルキシレノールブルー(MXB)はアルミニウムまたはベリリウムと反応して,赤紫色または赤色の水溶栓錯体を生成する。各呈色溶液はそれぞれ,pH 2 2～2 5,波長578～583 nmおよびpH 5 9～．5,波長513～517nmにおいて一定最大の吸光度を示す。検量線はアルミニウム濃度8～35μ9／25mlの範囲で,またベリリウムの場合は10μ9！25 mlまで直線性を示し,吸光度0．001に対する感度はアルミニウム濃度20μ9／25mzにおいて。 oo16μ9／cm2であり ベリリウムの場合は,ooo8 lzglcmsである。また,アルミニウム錯体およびベリリウム錯体の組成比をそれぞれpH 2．およびpH ．0で検討した結果,いずれめ場合も：と推定された。共存イオンについては,アルミニウムの定量に対し,ガリウム塾インジウム,ビスス(III),スカンジウム,トリウム,フヅ化物イオン,シュウ酸イオンが妨害し,ベリリウムの定量に対し,アルミニウム,トリウム,クロム(III),フッ化物イオンが妨害する。なお,アルミニウムとベリリウムを同時に含む溶液について,おのおのを逐次定量する方法を検討した。

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A band gap prediction model of π-conjugated polymers was constructed using aromatic/quinoid, donor/acceptor, and torsion properties to predict quantitatively the band gap of π-conjugated polymers from properties of monomers. Quinoid stabilization energy (QSE), energy difference between HOMO of donor and LUMO of acceptor, torsion angle in homo-dimer of monomers were used as descriptors of aromatic/quinoid, donor/acceptor, and torsion properties. The neural network, which was constructed by 2 hidden layers with 5 neurons per layer, quantitatively predicts (RMSD = 0.207 eV, R² = 0.885) the band gap of the π-conjugated polymers from descriptors of monomers.

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This paper focuses on an extension of the log-spiral analysis of bearing capacity that has been presented in the authors' previous work for strip foundations placed on the level ground, to those on the top of slopes. Comparisons are made with other analytical and experimental results to examine applicability of the method to practical problems. It is revealed that the log-spiral analysis somewhat overestimates bearing capacity values as compared to other solutions, the errors involved being around 20 percent at maximum and varying sensitively to the angle of internal friction and slope inclination. Also noticed is a relatively good correspondence with experimental results, especially with model tests on clay (φ=0), on both the ultimate bearing capacity and the shape of sliding surfaces.

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We screened the differentiation-inducing activities of 39 mushroom extracts from Akita prefecture, Japan, on the mouse osteoblastic cell line, MCT-. Sixteen phosphate buffered saline (PBS), 8 boiled PBS, 14 ethanol and 12 methanol extracts induced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities, an indicator of MCT- cell differentiation. The enzyme activities were markedly induced by extracts of Tricholoma auratum, and we isolated the active compound from methanol extracts of this mushroom. Physical data for the isolated active compound were identical to those for (,24R)-ergosta-7,-diene-,5α,-triol (). induced ALP activities of MCT- cells and promoted cell proliferation. To investigate the relationships between the chemical structure and differentiation-inducing activity of the compound, ALP-inducing activities of MCT- cells by , ergosterol (2), ergocalciferol (), cholesta-,5α,-triol (), 7-dehydrocholesterol (5) and cholecalciferol () were tested. The enzyme activities of MCT- cells were increased .0-fold by 10 μM and 2.-fold by 10 μM . However, 2, , 5 and did not induce MCT- cell ALP activity at 0.—10 μM. These results suggested that the OH groups at C-5 and/or C- of and played an important role in their differentiation-inducing activities on MCT- cells. Furthermore, suppressed induction of MCT- cell apoptosis by serum starvation.

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The pseudo-static analysis has been used in engineering practice to simplify the computation of the upper limit of a slope under seismic load. In this paper, the upper bound technique of limit analysis of perfect plasticity is used to determine the bearing capacity of a foundation near a down-hill slope. In this analysis (Chen et al., 1969; Chen, 1975), a logarithmic spiral rapture (Abdul-Baki et al., 1970; Sawada et al., 1984) is assumed to start at an edge of the loaded area far from the slope. A landslide is assumed to be of rigid body type with the inertia force acted at its center of gravity. The collapse state is reached when the rate of kinematic energy of the landslide together with the load is equal to the rate of dissipation of internal energy along the sliding surface. This energy balance leads to the equation of ultimate load with several parameters. The optimized numerical rcsults with respect to these parameters are compared with those by Kotter's method (Yamaguchi, 1959) and those obtained by the slice method.

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症例は破裂型臍帯ヘルニア術後の歳8か月女児.出生時径40mm大の腹壁欠損部より肝左葉・胃・小腸・大腸(下行結腸まで)の脱出を認めサイロを造設した.縫縮を試みたが脱出腸管が巨大で還納は滞り,サイロの皮膚縫着部の感染をきたした.生後15日2期手術を行ったが,欠損部は径50mm大に広がり腹壁閉鎖が困難であったため,臍帯を欠損部にpackingし自然閉鎖を待つこととした.その後臍帯の感染や壊死性腸炎をきたしたが集中治療で改善し,約5か月で臍部は上皮化した.体重が9.5kgとなった歳8か月時腹壁閉鎖目的で入院.CT上欠損孔の大きさは72×59mmで,脱出腸管容量は60cm^(全腹腔容積の.%)であった.外腹斜筋腱膜を半月線外側で切開,外腹斜筋と内腹斜筋の間を十分剥離し,左右腹直筋鞘を正中方向にスライドするcomponents separation technique(CST)法を施行した.緊張なく腹壁を閉鎖することができ,その後はabdominal compartment syndromeをきたすことなく,術後13日で退院した.CST法は,巨大な欠損孔を有する腹壁異常など,腹壁閉鎖の困難な小児に対する有効な治療法となり得る.

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