. The chromosome numbers of 64 species have been studied on which 56 are investigated for the first time.
2. Morphological, anatomical and cytological findings on the Musaceae in the broad sense are considered from a phylogenetical standpoint and three distinct groups:
a) Musa-Ensete, ) Ravenala-Strelitzia-Phenakospermum and ) Holiconia are recognised as suggested by some authors. For these groups sub-familial status is proposed.
. Lowiaceae have been studied for the first time cytologically and their chromosome morphology, distinct from that of any other group of Zingiberales, confirms their claim to familial status.
. Consideration of the conflicting theories proposed to account for the higher chromosome number in genera like Globba, Alpinia, and Phaemeria, etc. leads to rejection of Chakravorti's hypothesis of wholesale fragmentation of chromosomes and the acceptance of the opposed view of Raghavan and Venkatasubban and others.
. Holttum's transference of the genus Zingiber to the tribe Hedychieae has been given cytological support on the following points:
a) the basic number in the genus Zingiber correlates with that of Kaempferia.
) the new tribe Alpinieae (which is infact Zingibereae without Zingiber) have consistently 48 chromosomes in their somatic complements.
. It is suggested that the African representatives of Kaempferia should be given the status of genus; Cienkowskya on the following points:
a) the difference in floral morphology
) geographical separateness and
) the difference in the number and morphology of the chromosomes. By comparing the present and past findings, various lines of evolution of the chromosome complements within each group are discussed.
7. The basic number 11 is considered to be probably the original one for the Zingiberales as a whole, being present in Ravenala which is the most primitive member in the order. From this secondary basic numbers have arisen through evolution.

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Virus-like particles (VLPs) were collected from geothermal vent water samples in the drift-way at Toyoha Mine, Hokkaido, Japan (−500 m level, 63.°) whose VLP and bacterial abundance was (No/ml±SD, n: 500), VLP: .60±0.29×10⁸ and bacteria: .61±0.14×10⁶. VLPs ranged in diameter from 30 to 320 nm, and the major size distribution (ca 62%) was .33. nm (n: 843). Ultrafiltration followed by CsCl density equilibrium ultracentrifugation gave purified TY-VLPs: .64×10¹³. Regardless of UV treatment, TY-VLP reduced the efficiency of plating to 68.-.% at a multiplicity of infection of ca 0. on Escherichia coli 1157. Generalised transduction was observed on

E

. coli 1157 with a frequency between 10-

4

and 10-

5

cells/particle using TY-VLPs without UV-treatment. The growth of generated

E

. coli transductants (TY-

E

-trans) was compared to that of an

E

. coli transductant (ST-

E

-trans) generated by Aquificales originating VLP (Chiura, 2002). The extent of the maximum growth of both transductants was ca 40% of the parental

E

. coli used as a recipient. TY-

E

-trans acquired "budding-like" particle productivity, which has been demonstrated for ST-

E

-trans. ST-

E

-trans produced five different size particles, whose DNA content ranged between 291.

6

and 382.0 kb, and TY-

E

-trans produced ten different size particles between 68.

5

and 190.2 kb, respectively.

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It has been shown after mathematical and mechanical investigation that Limit Equilibrium Method (LEM) can be considered as a method to obtain the necessary condition of Slip Line Method (SLM), and that the solution can be obtained under the condition that F_s= and ∂F_s/∂θ=O, where F_s is the safety factor and θ is the inclination of the plane on which the safety factor is defined. Next, the generalized LEM (GLEM) is proposed, dealing with the following points : () Triangular or quadrangular blocks can be treated; (2) Safety factors are defined also on interblock planes; and () All types of plastic problems, slope stability, bearing capacity, and earth pressure are identically formulated. Two situations regarding treatment of the moment equilibrium condition are discussed. GLEM is applied to well-known problems. The results agree well with those obtained by theoretical methods. GLEM can be used to obtain the distribution of earth pressure or bearing capacity. GLEM, Iike ordinary LEM, is very effective for the practical problems, but GLEM is more theoretical and it can result in more accurate solutions.

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L'entree en Iran des armees britannique et sovietique s'est produite en aout 1941. Elle ebranla du coup le regime de la dynastie pahlavi qui etait au pouvoir depuis 16 ans, et mena le pays vers l'instabilite politique et le chaos social. La defaite de l'arme gouvernementale, qui etait le pivot du regime de Reza Shah, reduisit considerablement le controle du gouvernement central dans le pays. Cette situation politico-sociale confuse permit le developpement de differents mouvements politiques en Iran. ainsi que le 16 aout 1942 le parti clandestin Komeley Jiyanewey Kurdistan (J-K) est ne a Mehabad, une ville au nord-ouest de l' Iran. Des sa formation, ce parti a su etendre sa sphere d'activite et, en une courte periode de temps, a fini par mettre sous son influence la ville et ses alentours. A la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, en ete 1945, le J-K etait devenu une organisation representant le mouvement nationaliste kurde en Iran. a ce moment-la qu'un autre parti politique, le Hizbi Dimokratiki Kurdistan (HDK), fonde par Qazi Mihemed a Mehabad aussi, devait remplacer le J-K. Des le janvier 1946, le HDK proclama l'instauration de la≪Republique de Kurdistan≫. Cependant, les troupes sovietiques qui avaient pris sous leur protection la Republique evacuerent les terres iraniennes, en mai 1946. Six mois plus tard, sous la pression militaire du gouvernement central iranien, la republique s'ecroula. Deux theories tentent d'expliquer le passage du J-K au HDK. William Eagleton Jr., par exemple, affirme dans The Kurdish Republic of 1946 que le HDK a ete cree sur le conseil des autorites sovietiques. L'ex-secretaire general du Parti Democratique du Kurdistan d'Iran, 'Ebd el-Rehman Qasimlu maintient par contre que Qazi Mihemed a etabli le nouveau parti de sa propre initiative, eu regard a la situation politique de cette epoque-la. Il considere que la passage du J-K au HDK comme etant l'evolution d'un parti nationaliste clandestin en un parti democratique. En analysant ces deux theories et en se basant sur les autobiographies des personages qui se sont engages dans cet evenement, cette etude tentera d'examiner le principe directeur et les activites du J-K et de mieux comprendre les raisons pour lesquelles le J-K devait etre remplace par le HDK. La conclusion generale portera sur les differents objectifs politiques du J-K et du HDK. Le J-K visait l'elevation du niveau culturel du peuple tout en luttant contre le tribalisme, qui etait, selon lui, le probleme majeur de≪la nation kurde≫, et cela en ecartant toute idee de revolte militaire. Le J-K a aussi exclu de son cadre les elites sociales telles que les leaders des tribus et dirigeants religieux de peur qu'ils n'excercent une influence sur les membres du parti. L'automne de 1944 fut le debut d'une nouvelle ere pour le mouvement kurde. Alors que l'espoir de l'autodetermination augmentait parmi le peuple a mesure que s'approchait la fin de la guerre, la necessite de la force militaire a commence a se faire sentir dans le J-K. pour cela que s'est produite au sein du parti une tendance a compter sur l'aide militaire des sovietiques et a recourir au leadership de Qazi Mihemed, qui avait une certaine influence meme sur les leaders tribaux. Mais cette tendance etait essentiellement incompatible avec la ligne fondamentale du J-K et, graduellement, a prive ce parti de sa raison d'etre. Ainsi, le HDK se substitua au J-K en tant que≪parti democratique≫visant a rallier d'abord les elites sociales sous sa banniere, en s'appuyant sur l'autorite personnelle de Qazi Mihemed.

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Circuit techniques to enhance the linearity of input-voltage-to-current (V/I) conversion and to increase the output impedance of a current source by compensating for the low intrinsic gain of a transistor were introduced to realize a high-frequency operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) for a low supply voltage using sub-100-nm CMOS processes. Applying these techniques, a MOS 7th-order Gm- linear-phase low-pass filter (LPF) was realized using a 65nm CMOS process. A simplified biquad LPF that can serve as a component of a 7th-order LPF was newly developed by replacing OTAs with resistors. As a result, the -dB frequency bandwidth, group delay ripple, rd-order distortion, and rd-order input intercept point (IIP) were 200MHz, 2.2%, ≤ -55dB with a 100MHz input, and +10.dBm, respectively, all with a ±0.Vp-p input signal at each input terminal in the pseudodifferential configuration. The LPF including an output buffer dissipated 60mW in the case of a .2V supply. Wide spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) characteristics were confirmed up to high frequencies.

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(,)-2,-エポキシ-,7,11,11-テトラメチルシクロウンデカ-,-ジエン(2)をフムレン((2,,)-,7,11,11-テトラメチルシクロウンデカ-2,,-トリエン)より合成する既知の合成法は実際に牧率が低く合成的に問題がある.さらに,2の合成はその反応性や物性の研究のために簡単に高牧率で行われることが望まれる.今回,2の新たな合成法と簡便な精製法を見いだし,2を高牧率でから合成することができたので報告する.のジエポキシ化,続く再結晶により得られたジエポキシド(8)は二価のチタンにより還元されて,(273%)と8(25%)と少量のを含む2を主生成物(42.7%)として与えた.とは原料として再利用できる.2の精製はと同様硝酸銀()錯体の結晶で行い,純粋な2はから通算牧率32.0%で得られた.2の既知方法による合成は段階の反応と数回のカラム分離及び10%含浸シリカゲルカラム分離を必要とし牧率が極端に低い.今回,新しい2の合成法は2段階の反応で回のカラム分離と再結晶により高い通算牧率を示す.

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Background

The differences in conditions of enteric-coated acid-labile drug release and absorption between healthy subjects in bioequivalence studies and gastrointestinal patients in clinical practice can lead to significant differences in gastric stability of original PPIs and generics. Thus, pathologic duodenogastric reflux (PDGR) and the pH increasing within PPIs administration still remain unaccounted for.

Methods

Two-stage modified comparative dissolution testing of original omeprazole (OO) and four generics (G

;2;;) was performed. At first, we moved drugs from solution with pH .2 (.2±0.05) to pH 7.0 (7.0±0.05) and measure concentration of omeprazole in solution by high-performance liquid chromatography. According to our self-developed formula, pH 7 exposure time of resistance to PDGR for omeprazole is minutes, i.. the active substance should not be released within minutes at pH 7. The exposure at the second stage was conducted with pH (.0±0.05), that imitated gastric pH after PPI administration. And then we also moved drugs to pH 7 with the subsequent measurement of omeprazole concentration.

Results

Omeprazole concentrations after

, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60 minutes in pH 7 solution at the first stage were different for OO and generics. For OO, these values were ,7±0,7%; 41,±,0%; 62,8±,0%; 79,±2,%; ,±2,%; 81,±2,%; 80,±,%; for Generic - 0; 49,±,%; 88,8 ±2,8%; 90,±,7%; 88, 2±2,2%; 87,±2,0%; 85,±,%; for Generic2 - 0; 30,±,%; 66,7±8,2%; 76,±7,%; ,8±,%; 86,0±,7%; 84,±,%: for Generic - 80,8±,%; ,±,%; , 8±,2%; ,±2,7%; 81,±2,%; ,±2,0%; ,0±2,%; for Generic - ,±,7%; 84,±0,8%; 84,2±,2%; , ±0,%; ,±0,%; ,±0,%; ,8±,%, respectively.

An analysis of the omeprazole concentration in pH 7 solution at the second stage revealed the following parameters after the same time: for OO -

,±0,%; 40, ±,0%; 62,8±2,0%; 80,0±,%; 85,±2,%; ,8±,%; 80,±,%; for Generic - 0; 67,0±7,8%; ,7±2,%; 91, ±,%; ,±,%; 88,±,%; 87,8±,2%; for Generic2 - 0; 42,2±,%; 75,±7,%; 81,0±,0%; 88,±,2%; 88, ±,%; 87,±,0%; for Generic - 85,±0,%; 85,±0,%; 84,7±0,%; ,7±,0%; 84,±0,%; 84,±0,%; 84,±0,%, respectively. Generic release and degradation were completely realized at pH .

Conclusion

Decreased gastric stability of Generic

and Generic makes PDGR and inhibited gastric acid secretion due to PPIs administration the potential causes of decreased enteric-coated acid-labile drugs stability.

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The pseudo-static analysis has been used in engineering practice to simplify the computation of the upper limit of a slope under seismic load. In this paper, the upper bound technique of limit analysis of perfect plasticity is used to determine the bearing capacity of a foundation near a down-hill slope. In this analysis (Chen et al., 1969; Chen, 1975), a logarithmic spiral rapture (Abdul-Baki et al., 1970; Sawada et al., 1984) is assumed to start at an edge of the loaded area far from the slope. A landslide is assumed to be of rigid body type with the inertia force acted at its center of gravity. The collapse state is reached when the rate of kinematic energy of the landslide together with the load is equal to the rate of dissipation of internal energy along the sliding surface. This energy balance leads to the equation of ultimate load with several parameters. The optimized numerical rcsults with respect to these parameters are compared with those by Kotter's method (Yamaguchi, 1959) and those obtained by the slice method.

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The association between apolipoprotein (Apo-) polymorphism and the response of plasma cholesterol to dietary therapy (cholesterol intake of less than 300mg/day) was investigated for about 8 weeks in 208 nonfamilial hypercholesterolemia patients (/ 161, / 47). The baseline lipoprotein concentration and the intake of energy and lipids were not significantly different between subjects with / and those with / phenotypes. After the dietary therapy plasma total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol were significantly decreased in both phenotype groups (p<0.05). The patients with / had significantly smaller reductions of LDL- than the patients with /. The changes of LDL- showed a significant difference between the patients with / and / by the Kruskal Wallis test (p=0.041). The presence of / predicted the degree of cholesterol reduction following dietary therapy.

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The filtration compatibility of soil-geotextile systems has been assessed experimentally in the laboratory with the gradient-ratio test. A nonwoven geotextile was used against a variety of model soils that were prepared from glass beads. They exhibited a range of fines content, in both gap-graded and broadly-graded size distributions. Filter blinding and clogging, if it happens, occurs within hours of initiating unidirectional flow. The zone of soil above the geotextile that is influenced is relatively thin. In gap-graded soils, the movement of fine particles appears to occur at a conditioh of D₈₅/D₁₅>8. A new dimensionless index is proposed to quantify the internal stability of gap-graded soils.

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The performance of single pitch and multi pitch screw anchors during the application of installation torque is presented. An experimental testing program was conducted using five models of screw anchors with different geometry. The effect of the shape of the screw element, sand properties, and installation depth on the required installation torque value was examined. A theoretical model was developed from which the required installation torque value can be calculated in terms of the influencing factors. The required installation torque can be determined in terms of the ultimate uplift resistance calculated from any of the available theories. Based on the actual installation torque value measured in the field, the anticipated pullout capacity can be back calculated from the present theory. A comparison between theoretical and experimental results showed good agreement. Also, good agreement was observed when the present theoretical results were compared with the available field results reported in the literature.

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The correction factor (η_ie) for the ultimate bearing capacity of a footing placed adjacent to a slope, taking into account the combined effect of horizontal and vertical seismic loads, represented by horizontal and vertical seismic coefficients, k_h and k_v, respectively, was derived using a modified Janbu's slice method. The influence of slope angles ‘α’ on the values of ‘η_ie’ are studied here. It was found that the values of η_ie can be expressed as an exponential function of ‘k_h/(-k_v)’ and ‘α’, with a measurable interdependency between ‘α’ and ‘η_ie’. The influence of ‘α’ on the value of ‘η_ie’ increases as the input value of ‘k_h/(-k_v)’ increases. Equations derived based on the analytical results are proposed to account for this effect. Based on the analyses of 11 near-fault seismographers obtained in the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake in Taiwan, a ratio between the vertical and the horizontal seismic coefficients, λ, of between ±0.25 is suggested for including the combined effect of vertical and horizontal seismic forces in evaluating the seismic bearing capacity of footings located in near-fault areas.

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At present, analytical or empirical formula for seismic bearing capacity of footings adjacent to slopes is not available. This study uses a pseudo-static-based approach in conjunction with rigorous Janbu's slice method to derive analytical values of seismic bearing capacity factors (N_γ) and correction factors for the effects of inertia of soil mass and load inclinations for a rigid footing adjacent to cohesionless slopes. It is shown that both the bearing capacity factors (N_γ) and the correction factors for the seismic bearing capacity of footings placed on level ground derived herein are comparable with those reported in the literature. Empirical equations regarding the effects of slope angles and load inclinations, expressed using generalized forms of those proposed in the literature, are also derived. It is also found that the empirical equations derived in the present study provide values of correction factors in good agreements with the analytical ones, indicating the validity of using these empirical equations for assessing the bearing capacity of rigid footings situated on the slope subjected to pseudo-static seismic loading.

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A method for analyzing the uncertainties involving the use of empirical relationships in design is developed. It is applied to evaluate the reliability of the relationship s_u(mobilized)=(measured), whereby the pertinent uncertainties are analyzed using extensive laboratory and field observed data. On the average, the relationship s_u(mobilized)= (measured) is unbiased and the error implicit in the relationship is about 15%. When cone values are used to infer s'_p, additional uncertainties on the mobilized undrained strength will incur resulting mainly from the calibration uncertainty between σ'_p and the cone values. Alternatively, vane tests may be performed to infer the mobilized strength using Bjerrum correction factor. Results show that uncertainty level associated with using the vane tests is smaller than that using the cone values, provided that similar scatter is observed between measured vane and cone values at a given site. However, prediction of the mobilized strength is even more accurate if direct measurements can be made on the preconsolidation pressure. The proposed probabilistic method also assesses the benefit of additional tests besides comparing the accuracy of using various soil parameters for predicting mobilized undrained strength. Such information is essential for planning cost-effective site characterization program.

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The acetone extracts from three samples of the hepatopancreas of the poisonous scallops obtained on the Okhotsk Coast of Hokkaido Island were fractionated into two parts, hexane soluble fraction (fraction H) and 85% aqueous ethanol soluble fraction (fraction ) by partition to two layers. The majortoxic components in the mouse assay of “diarrheic shellfish toxin” by intra-peritoneal injection were found to be free unsaturated fatty acids showed the following toxicity in MU per g, 18: n- 35, 18:2 n- , 18: n- 167, 18: n- , 20: n- 167, and : n- , respectively. Toxicity of the fraction Hin MUper g was much lower than that of the fraction . However, the toxicity of the fraction H per g of the hepatopancreas was about twice that of the fraction , since the fraction Hwas much more abundant than the fraction in the hepatopancreas. The method for the assay of the diarrhetic shellfish toxin must be reexamined by considering the toxic effect of the free unsaturated fatty acids.

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