Two new polyacetylene compounds (, , 12)--acetoxy--isovaleryloxytetradeca-, , 12-trien-, 10-diyn-14-ol (), and (, , 12)--acetoxy--(2-methylbutyryloxy)tetradeca-, , 12-trien-, 10-diyn-14-ol (C) have been isolated along with (, , 12)--acetoxy--senecioyloxytetradeca-, , 12-trien-, 10-diyn-14-ol (A) from Atractylodes Rhizome (Karabyakujutu). The structures of these compounds were determined on the basis of their spectral data.

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Six full-length cDNAs encoding pig cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, CYPA, CYP2A19, CYP2, CYP2C33v, CYP2C49, and CYP2, were isolated and sequenced. The cDNA sequences of pig CYPA, CYP2A19, CYP2, CYP2C49, and CYP2 showed high similarity to human (85.%), CYP2A13 (.%), (.%), CYP2C18 (85.%), and (82.%), respectively, and pig cDNA showed high similarity to rat CYP2C23 (79.2%). Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays revealed hepatic gene expression of all these pig CYP enzymes: the order of expression was and > CYP2C49 > and CYP2A19 > . In the kidney, the gene was expressed at the same level as in the liver, but the , CYP2A19, and genes were expressed at lower levels than in the liver. Little renal gene expression of CYP2C49 and CYP2 was observed. We revealed for the first time the full-length cDNA sequences encoding pig CYPA and five CYP enzymes belonging to the CYP2 gene family, thus making it possible to examine the gene expression levels of these CYP enzymes in pig tissues by RT-PCR.

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This study aimed to determine the prevalence of fecal carriage of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and/or plasmidic AmpC β-lactamase (pAmpC) producing Escherichia coli among dogs (n=428) in Turkey. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing were used to characterize genes encoding β-lactamase and plasmid mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and PCRs for virulence genes and phylogenetic groups were also performed. Cefotaxime resistant

. coli isolates were detected in 95 (.2%) of the swab samples. Sequencing analysis results showed occurrence of various β-lactamase genes: bla_CTX-M-15 (62), blaTEM-

1b

(42), bla_CMY-2 (

22

), blaCTX-M-

3

(16), blaCTX-M-

1

(15), blaOXA-

1

(

9

) and bla_SHV-12 (

3

) alone or in combination. The most frequently encountered phylogenetic group was group

A₁

(35.

8

%), followed by group

D₂

(

22

.

1

%),

B

1

(15.

8

%),

D₁

(

9

.

5

%), A₀ (7.

4

%),

B2₂

(

5

.

3

%) and

B2₃

(

4

.2%), respectively. PMQR genes, aac(

6

’)-Ib-cr,

qnrS1

and qnrB10 were detected in 25.

3

, 10.

5

and

1

.

1

% of the isolates, respectively. While all isolates were susceptible to imipenem and amikacin, resistance rates to non-β-lactam antibiotics ranged from 20.0% for tobramycin to 56.

8

% for tetracycline. The virulence genes were only detected in 34 (36.2%) of the isolates and this isolates carried single or various combination of virulence genes of iucD, papC, papE, f17a-A and eaeA. Four isolates were identified as human virulent pandemic CTX-M-15 producing

E

. coli clone O25

b

:ST131/

B

2. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to show fecal carriage of ESBL/pAmpC type β-lactamase producing

E

. coli isolates among dogs in Turkey.

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We screened the differentiation-inducing activities of 39 mushroom extracts from Akita prefecture, Japan, on the mouse osteoblastic cell line, MCT-. Sixteen phosphate buffered saline (PBS), boiled PBS, 14 ethanol and 12 methanol extracts induced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities, an indicator of MCT- cell differentiation. The enzyme activities were markedly induced by extracts of Tricholoma auratum, and we isolated the active compound from methanol extracts of this mushroom. Physical data for the isolated active compound were identical to those for (,24R)-ergosta-7,-diene-,,-triol (). induced ALP activities of MCT- cells and promoted cell proliferation. To investigate the relationships between the chemical structure and differentiation-inducing activity of the compound, ALP-inducing activities of MCT- cells by , ergosterol (2), ergocalciferol (), cholesta-,,-triol (), 7-dehydrocholesterol () and cholecalciferol () were tested. The enzyme activities of MCT- cells were increased .0-fold by 10 μM and 2.-fold by 10 μM . However, 2, , and did not induce MCT- cell ALP activity at 0.—10 μM. These results suggested that the OH groups at C- and/or C- of and played an important role in their differentiation-inducing activities on MCT- cells. Furthermore, suppressed induction of MCT- cell apoptosis by serum starvation.

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-Amino--mercapto-, -dimethyluracil (2) was prepared by the treatment of , -diamino-, -dimethyluracil () with liquid H₂S and pyridine in a sealed steel tube at 60°C for 20 h. Thiazolo[, -]pyrimidinediones a, were obtained from 2 by cyclization with HCO₂H and AcOH.Under stringent conditions, however, was converted into the , -dihydrodipyrimido[, - : ', '-][, ]thiazine derivtive a.The structure of a was confirmed by spectral (nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectra) data and by comparison with a sample which was prepared from 2 and -hydroxy-, -dimethyluracil.Benzylation of a gave , , 7, -tetramethyl--benzyl (or p-bromobenzyl)-, -dihydrodipyrimido[, - : ', '-][, ]thiazine-2, , , -(H, H, 7H)-tetrone (, c) and , , 7, -tetramethyl--benzyl (or p-bromobenzyl)-, -dihydropyrrolo[, 2- : , -']dipyrimidine-2, , , -(H, H, 7H)-tetrone (a, ).

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The modulns of longitudinal elasticity and their temperature dependence in commercial aluminum cast alloys were measured in the temperature range from room temperature (20°C) to 250°C by the resonant frequency method. The results obtained are as follows:
The modulus of longitudinal elasticity tended to decrease weakly and linearly (the tangent of its decrease, m = (-2.--.) × 10²kg/cm²/°C) with the rise of temperature. Within the range of the experiments, aluminum cast alloys were divided into groups, the lst group materials having large moduli of elasticity at room temperature (i. ., = (7.15-7.25) × 10⁵kg/cm²) were 2A-T, A-F, A-F, A-T, -F, -T, A-F, A-T, etc., the 2nd group materials having intermediate moduli (i. ., = (.85-.98) × 10⁵kg/cm²) were C-F, C-T, C-T, -F, -T, 7A-F, etc. and the rd group materials showing considerably smaller moduli (i. ., = (.58-.65) × 10⁵kg/cm²) were A-F, A-T, 2A-F, etc. However, there were some differences between the moduli in this experiments and the moduli in the other data books, and these were considered due to the difference of the measurement principles and of hypotheses or assumptions involved in these principles, so it is suggested that the moduli of elasticity should be reported with indication of the measuring method.

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Chemical synthesis of (, 24R)- and (, 24S)-, 24-dihydroxy--vitamin has been achieved starting with the commercially available dinorcholenic acid acetate. Synthesis involved introduction of the -hydroxy group by a reduction of the , 2-epoxide generated by epoxidation of the , , -trien--one. The side chain on the steroid was then constructed by means of a Wittig reaction followed by introduction of the Δ⁷ bond by standard methods and its protection with -phenyl-, 2, -triazoline-, -dione. Subsequent reduction of the hydroxy groups in the steroid side chain followed by reduction of the Diels-Alder addition products yielded the both 24-isomers. The , 7-dienes were irradiated and the corresponding vitamin compounds isolated. Nuclear magnetic resonance was used to identify individual isomers. The (, 24S)-, 24-hydroxyvitamin compound bound equally well to the chick intestinal cytosol receptor as , 25-dihydroxyvitamin , while the 24R-isomer was approximately ten times less active. In vivo, both isomers were less active than , 25-dihydroxyvitamin ; however, the 24S-isomer was considerably more active than the 24R-isomer approaching the activity of , 25-dihydroxyvitamin .

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The performance of single pitch and multi pitch screw anchors during the application of installation torque is presented. An experimental testing program was conducted using five models of screw anchors with different geometry. The effect of the shape of the screw element, sand properties, and installation depth on the required installation torque value was examined. A theoretical model was developed from which the required installation torque value can be calculated in terms of the influencing factors. The required installation torque can be determined in terms of the ultimate uplift resistance calculated from any of the available theories. Based on the actual installation torque value measured in the field, the anticipated pullout capacity can be back calculated from the present theory. A comparison between theoretical and experimental results showed good agreement. Also, good agreement was observed when the present theoretical results were compared with the available field results reported in the literature.

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We compared three groups of pregnant women: placebo with normotensive women, group A which included preeclamptics, and group which comprised preeclamptics who were supplemented their diets with vitamins C and . MDA increased from . ± 2. (placebo) to .48 ± .2 (A) and .02 ± . nmol/gHb (). NO concentrations were enhanced from 19. ± .2 (P) to 23. ± . (A) and 24. ± . μmol/L (). GSH contents were decreased from 10.42 ± 2. (P) to .02 ± 2.92 (A) and .39 ± .02 μmol/g Hb (), whereas GSSG concentrations increased from 0.98 ± 0.28 (P) to .24 ± 0.29 (A) and .08 ± 0.12 μmol/g Hb (). SOD activity decreased 23% in A and 14% in ; GRx decreased 27% in A and .% in ; GPx decreased 12% in A and .% in . Catalase activity, however, increased 27% in A and 29% in as compared to control. Thus, we conclude that the use of vitamins C and should be considered for the control of certain important biochemical indices during the development of preeclampsia; however, further studies are needed to develop methods for the prevention of preeclampsia in women at high risk.

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This study was performed to clarify which factors affected damage to tame-ike (small embankment dams for irrigation) in Hokudan Town as a result of the January 17, 1995 Hyogoken-Nambu earthquake. Factors were assumed to be : Location (.g., Distance to Epicenter, etc.), Structure (.g., Angle to Nearest Fault, Embankment Volume, etc.), Soil Properties of Embankment, Geology of Dam Site and History (Era of Construction, Repaired, etc.). Multivariate statistical analyses were performed for documentary data (damaged : 181, undamaged : 328). Ordinary statistical analyses were conducted for the data investigated in situ for soil properties of the embankment. The results show that the factors causing damage to dam are : () Nearest Fault (Nojima, Mizukoshi and 2), (2) Distance to Nearest Fault (less than 500 m), () Distance to Epicenter (approximately to 14 km, which almost agrees with the location of seismic intensity 7 JMA), () Elevation of Dam Site (higher than 100 m), () Embankment Volume (the greater the volume the more damage was caused), () Direction of Dam Axis (normal or diagonal to the epicenter or to nearest the fault), (7) Plan View of Dam Axis ( or axes), () Surface Geology of Dam Site (non-cohesive soil type ground), () Era of Construction (prior to 1891) and (10) Soil Properties of Embankment (sand, not silty sand or gravel, penetration resistance that is 10% smaller than the undamaged dams).

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The phase diagrams of the Ni-Mo- and Ni-W- ternary systems in the region of less than 50mol% were constructed by thermodynamic calculation, based on the data obtained by thermodynamic measurement of the related materials. We found three ternary eutectic points and three or two ternary peritecto-eutectic points as follows:
:L (1365K, 71.mol%Ni-.0mol%Mo-.mol%)=(Ni)++
:L (1355K, 62.mol%Ni-2.mol%Mo-30.mol%)=++
:L (1445K, 42.0mol%Ni-30.mol%Mo-10.mol%)=(Ni)+NiMo+
:L (1812K, 34.mol%Ni-42.mol%Mo-.mol%)+MoB=+
P₂:L (1633K, 42.mol%Ni-40.mol%Mo-17.mol%)+Mo=+
:L (1812K, 53.mol%Ni-33.7mol%Mo-12.mol%)+Mo=NiMo+
:L (1622K, 51.0mol%Ni-31.mol%W-17.mol%)=(Ni)+W+
:L (1260K, 71.0mol%Ni-7.0mol%W-.0mol%)=(Ni)++
:L (1291K, 65.mol%Ni-.mol%W-29.mol%)=++
:L (2115K, 23.mol%Ni-43.mol%W-33.mol%)+WB=+
P₂:L (1657K, 48.mol%Ni-33.mol%W-18.0mol%)+=W+
The calculated phase diagrams are expected to be useful for the development of new Ni-based heat-, corrosion- or wear-resistance alloys.

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The filtration compatibility of soil-geotextile systems has been assessed experimentally in the laboratory with the gradient-ratio test. A nonwoven geotextile was used against a variety of model soils that were prepared from glass beads. They exhibited a range of fines content, in both gap-graded and broadly-graded size distributions. Filter blinding and clogging, if it happens, occurs within hours of initiating unidirectional flow. The zone of soil above the geotextile that is influenced is relatively thin. In gap-graded soils, the movement of fine particles appears to occur at a conditioh of />. A new dimensionless index is proposed to quantify the internal stability of gap-graded soils.

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2-Benzyl--chloro--mercapto- (2H)-pyridazinone () was heated in ethanol under reflux for 10 hours to form concurrently 2, 7-dibenzyldipyridazo [, - : ', '-]-, -dithiin-, (2H, 7H)-dione (Ia) (57% in yield) and 2, -dibenzyldipyridazo [, - : ', '-]-, -dithiin-, (2H, H)-dione (IIa) (14% in yield). Assignment of the two products to the corresponding structures is established by their physico-chemical constants and chemical behaviors. The concurrent formation of the dipyridazo [, - : ', '-]-, -dithiin-, (2H, 7H)-dione and the -, (2H, H)-dione were observed in, not only heating -chloro--mercapto- (2H)-pyridazinones (-) in polar solvent, but warming -mercapto--chloro- (2H)-pyridazinones (-) in the presence of potassium carbonate in DMF. For the interpretation of the reaction, keto-thioketo carbenes as active intermediate species and a reversible interconversion among them are suggested on the basis of the fact that there was nonexistence of an equilibrium between the two compounds, such as Ia and IIa, under the reaction condition and a trapping keto-thioketo carbene species as 2-phenylimino--benzylpyridazo [, -]-, -dithiol- (H)-one (IVa) (14% in yield) along with the major products, (Ia) and (IIa), was furnished by warming with phenylisothiocyanate in the presence of triethylamine in dry benzene. On the contrary, participation of a reversible interconversion between Ia and IIa, to a considerable extent, with the concurrent formation of them in the case of benzylation of either Ib or IIb, by warming with benzylchloride in the presence of potassium carbonate in DMF at 80°, might not be neglected, because an attempted approach to an equilibrium between Ia and IIa in a similar reaction condition except the use of benzylchloride realized, whereas non-existence of an equilibrium between Ib and IIb in the similar reaction condition was observed.

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-(2-Aminophenylthio)-, -dichloropyridazine (I) on treating with dil. Hydrochloric acid or acetic acid gave -chloro-H-benzo[]pyridazino[, -][, ]thiazine (, -diazapheno-thiazine type) through rearrangement and cyclization. -Chloro-10H-benzo[]pyridazino-[, -][, ]thiazine (, 2-diazaphenothiazine type) was obtained by either heating of I at 150°or treating of I with conc. hydrochloric acid through direct cyclization. The mechanism of the aforesaid reactions was discussed using a molecular orbital method. Several , 2-and , -diazaphenothiazine derivatives were synthesized.

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Agaricus blazei is an important fungus for producing bioactive compounds. There are some reports of polysaccharides and steroid derivatives from the fruiting bodies of A. blazei. However, the chemical examination of the secondary metabolites of the cultured mycelia of this species has not been reported. Eight compounds, an unprecedented skeleton have been isolated from the cultured mycelia of A. blazei. The structures of the novel compounds each named blazeispirols A (), (2), C (), (), () X(), Y (7) and Z () were confirmed by extensive and 2 NMR spectral data and X-ray analysis. Blazeispirols A (), (2), C (), () and () were des-A-ergostane type compounds having spiroacetal structure as a side chain. Blazeispirols X () and Y (7) were determined to be (20S, S, 23R, 24S)- (10→) abeo-14β, :, 25-diepoxyergosta-,7,,11-tetraene-α,23-diol and (20S, S, 23R, 24S)-14β,:,25-diepoxy-,23-dihydroxyergosta-,7,11-triene-,-dione by comparison of extensive and 2 NMR spectral data with that of blazeispirol A. The biosynthesis of blazeispirol A was investigated by feeding ^<13>C-labeled acetates and methionine to the growing cultures of A. blazei. The labeling patterns of derived from singly and doubly ^<13>C-labeled acetates were consistent with that of ergosterol reported previously except for the A-ring and then ^<14>C-labeled ergosterol was incorporated into blazeispirol A. Taking the structures of blazeispirols Z and into consideration, it can be assumed that blazeispirol A is biosynthesized from ergosterol by the cleavage of C-, C- and C-, C-10 bonds on retro aldol condensation and Michael reaction via such as intermediate A as shown in Fig. . A large number of ergostane-type steroids have been isolated from many fungi. However, blazeispirol A is the first example of a naturally occurring des-A-ergostane-type steroid including a spiroacetal structure moiety as a side chain.

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A boron treated copper bearing HSLA steel containing austenite formers like manganese and nickel, somewhat lower in amount than that in HSLA 100 variety of steel is chosen for the study. The role of thermomechanical processing on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the above steel has been investigated. Differential scanning calorimetric study is carried out for understanding the precipitation behaviour of copper in HSLA steel under the influence of boron. The microstructure of the experimental steel is found to consist of laths of martensites and bainite. MA constituents of ribbon like morphology are observed at the lath boundaries. Higher strength properties of the steel are attributed to the presence of finely distributed precipitates of copper and microalloy carbides.

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