The ability of Climacodon septentrionalis to immobilize and kill a mycophagous nematode (Aphelenchoides sp.) in vitro is described for the first time. Two isolates produced droplets (20–45 μm in diameter) that formed at the apices of tall, stalked, and branching secretory cells (700–

,500 μm tall). On 2% modified malt extract agar, nematodes became enveloped in the droplets, which restricted their ability to move and resulted in complete immobilization and death within several hours of contact. The rate of decomposition of the nematodes varied considerably, with most individuals persisting for weeks whereas others were degraded within several days and appeared to be colonized by dense hyphal growth. This study provides the first documentation of a non-agaricoid fungus producing secretory cells that are able to immobilize nematodes.

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This study aimed to determine the prevalence of fecal carriage of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and/or plasmidic AmpC β-lactamase (pAmpC) producing Escherichia coli among dogs (n=428) in Turkey. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing were used to characterize genes encoding β-lactamase and plasmid mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and PCRs for virulence genes and phylogenetic groups were also performed. Cefotaxime resistant

. coli isolates were detected in (.2%) of the swab samples. Sequencing analysis results showed occurrence of various β-lactamase genes: bla_CTX-M-15 (62), blaTEM-

1b

(42), bla_CMY-2 (

22

), blaCTX-M-

3

(16), blaCTX-M-

1

(15), blaOXA-

1

(

9

) and bla_SHV-12 (

3

) alone or in combination. The most frequently encountered phylogenetic group was group

A₁

(35.

8

%), followed by group

D₂

(

22

.

1

%),

B

1

(15.

8

%),

D₁

(

9

.

5

%), A₀ (

7

.

4

%),

B2₂

(

5

.

3

%) and

B2₃

(

4

.2%), respectively. PMQR genes, aac(

6

’)-Ib-cr,

qnrS1

and qnrB10 were detected in 25.

3

, 10.

5

and

1

.

1

% of the isolates, respectively. While all isolates were susceptible to imipenem and amikacin, resistance rates to non-β-lactam antibiotics ranged from 20.0% for tobramycin to 56.

8

% for tetracycline. The virulence genes were only detected in 34 (36.2%) of the isolates and this isolates carried single or various combination of virulence genes of iucD, papC, papE, f17a-A and eaeA. Four isolates were identified as human virulent pandemic CTX-M-15 producing

E

. coli clone O25

b

:ST131/

B

2. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to show fecal carriage of ESBL/pAmpC type β-lactamase producing

E

. coli isolates among dogs in Turkey.

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Two new partially saturated tricyclic ring systems, , a, , , , 10, 10a, 11-octahydro-11-oxodibenz [, ] oxepins (a and ), and -thiepins (a and ) were synthesized. Compounds a and were desulfurized to give a pair of isomeric 2-methylbenzoylcyclohexanes (10a and 10). Deuterated a and (11a and 11) were prepared starting from butadiene- (12). The stereochemical features of a (trans), (cis), a (trans) and (cis) are compared with those of 10a, 10, 11a and 11 on the basis of proton nuclear magnetic resonance data.

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The possibility of attenuation of microseismic waves due to the presence of an upward folding of the ocean bottom into the liquid is discussed in this paper. The upward folding of the ocean bottom has been idealized by means of an irregularity in the form of a rectangle intruding into the liquid and the evaluation of the displacement component at any point of the solid medium has been carried out in two stages. First, the change in the incident mode of the surface wave due to the presence of the rectangular irregularity has been determined, and second, the subsequent change of the resulting displacement components due to the termination of the liquid layer and the step change in elevation of the solid medium at the continental margin has been discovered. Finally, numerical calculation has been made to determine the attenuation of the microseismic waves of different periods due to the presence of the rectangular irregularity at the ocean bottom.

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A boron treated copper bearing HSLA steel containing austenite formers like manganese and nickel, somewhat lower in amount than that in HSLA 100 variety of steel is chosen for the study. The role of thermomechanical processing on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the above steel has been investigated. Differential scanning calorimetric study is carried out for understanding the precipitation behaviour of copper in HSLA steel under the influence of boron. The microstructure of the experimental steel is found to consist of laths of martensites and bainite. MA constituents of ribbon like morphology are observed at the lath boundaries. Higher strength properties of the steel are attributed to the presence of finely distributed precipitates of copper and microalloy carbides.

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11-Amino-, a, , , , 10, 10a, 11-octahydrodibebenzo[, ]thiepines (a-) and -oxepines (a-) were synthesized by the Leuckart reaction of , a, , , , 10, 10a, 11-octahydro-11-oxodibenzo[, ]thiepines (a, )and -oxepines (2a, ) followed by hydrolysis of the reaction products a- and a-, respectively. The four diastereomers, cis(a-H, 10a-H)-cis(10a-H, 11-H) a and a, cis(a-H, 10a-H)-trans(10a-H, 11-H) and , trans(a-H, 10a-H)-trans(10a-H, 11a-H)c and c, and trans(a-H, 10a-H)-cis(10a-H, 11-H) and , were isolated and their configurations and conformations were elucidated by chemical methods together with

1H

-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic and X-ray crystallographic analyses.

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The phase diagrams of the Ni-Mo- and Ni-W- ternary systems in the region of less than 50mol% were constructed by thermodynamic calculation, based on the data obtained by thermodynamic measurement of the related materials. We found three ternary eutectic points and three or two ternary peritecto-eutectic points as follows:
:L (1365K, 71.mol%Ni-.0mol%Mo-.mol%)=(Ni)++
:L (1355K, 62.mol%Ni-2.mol%Mo-30.mol%)=++
:L (1445K, 42.0mol%Ni-30.mol%Mo-10.mol%)=(Ni)+NiMo+
:L (1812K, 34.mol%Ni-42.mol%Mo-.mol%)+MoB=+
P₂:L (1633K, 42.mol%Ni-40.mol%Mo-17.mol%)+Mo=+
:L (1812K, 53.mol%Ni-33.mol%Mo-12.mol%)+Mo=NiMo+
:L (1622K, 51.0mol%Ni-31.mol%W-17.mol%)=(Ni)+W+
:L (1260K, 71.0mol%Ni-.0mol%W-.0mol%)=(Ni)++
:L (1291K, 65.mol%Ni-.mol%W-29.mol%)=++
:L (2115K, 23.mol%Ni-43.mol%W-33.mol%)+WB=+
P₂:L (1657K, 48.mol%Ni-33.mol%W-18.0mol%)+=W+
The calculated phase diagrams are expected to be useful for the development of new Ni-based heat-, corrosion- or wear-resistance alloys.

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Natural sedimentary clays exhibit ageing effects on their behaviour when subjected to both consolidation and shearing. Attempts to characterising the in-situ 'structure'of soft marine clays have been made in case studies performed in Ariake (Japan) and in Bangkok (Thailand), each showing a typical profile of aged clay-structure with depth reflecting its site-specific geological consolidation history. In each site, profiles of Atterberg limits, natural water content, overconsolidation ratio (OCR), quasi-elastic shear modulus G_max and the undrained shear strength c_u with depth were attained from various laboratory tests, together with the a comparable profile of quasi-elastic shear modulus from insitu seismic survey G_f. Quantitative assessment of the aged clay-structure was made by using two different measures, metastability index MI (G) and the soil constant reflecting structure S (Jamiolkowski et al., 1994). The profiles of MI (G) and the S-value with depth were both determined based on the corresponding G_max behaviour of the reconstituted sample. "Disturbance"of laboratory samples retrieved by using two different samplers (i.., Laval and Japanese thin-walled samplers) with two different sampling techniques (i.., pre-boring and displacement methods) was discussed. A new approach to estimate c_u"in the ground", termed by the authors the MILK (Metastability Index coupled with Laboratory K_o test) method, is proposed. A trial of the MILK-method is demonstrated in soft Bangkok clay, the texture of which is similar to "soft cheese".

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-Amino--mercapto-, -dimethyluracil (2) was prepared by the treatment of , -diamino-, -dimethyluracil () with liquid H₂S and pyridine in a sealed steel tube at 60°C for 20 h. Thiazolo[, -]pyrimidinediones a, were obtained from 2 by cyclization with HCO₂H and AcOH.Under stringent conditions, however, was converted into the , -dihydrodipyrimido[, - : ', '-][, ]thiazine derivtive a.The structure of a was confirmed by spectral (nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectra) data and by comparison with a sample which was prepared from 2 and -hydroxy-, -dimethyluracil.Benzylation of a gave , , , -tetramethyl--benzyl (or p-bromobenzyl)-, -dihydrodipyrimido[, - : ', '-][, ]thiazine-2, , , -(H, H, H)-tetrone (, c) and , , , -tetramethyl--benzyl (or p-bromobenzyl)-, -dihydropyrrolo[, 2- : , -']dipyrimidine-2, , , -(H, H, H)-tetrone (a, ).

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2-Benzyl--chloro--mercapto- (2H)-pyridazinone () was heated in ethanol under reflux for 10 hours to form concurrently 2, -dibenzyldipyridazo [, - : ', '-]-, -dithiin-, (2H, H)-dione (Ia) (57% in yield) and 2, -dibenzyldipyridazo [, - : ', '-]-, -dithiin-, (2H, H)-dione (IIa) (14% in yield). Assignment of the two products to the corresponding structures is established by their physico-chemical constants and chemical behaviors. The concurrent formation of the dipyridazo [, - : ', '-]-, -dithiin-, (2H, H)-dione and the -, (2H, H)-dione were observed in, not only heating -chloro--mercapto- (2H)-pyridazinones (-) in polar solvent, but warming -mercapto--chloro- (2H)-pyridazinones (-) in the presence of potassium carbonate in DMF. For the interpretation of the reaction, keto-thioketo carbenes as active intermediate species and a reversible interconversion among them are suggested on the basis of the fact that there was nonexistence of an equilibrium between the two compounds, such as Ia and IIa, under the reaction condition and a trapping keto-thioketo carbene species as 2-phenylimino--benzylpyridazo [, -]-, -dithiol- (H)-one (IVa) (14% in yield) along with the major products, (Ia) and (IIa), was furnished by warming with phenylisothiocyanate in the presence of triethylamine in dry benzene. On the contrary, participation of a reversible interconversion between Ia and IIa, to a considerable extent, with the concurrent formation of them in the case of benzylation of either Ib or IIb, by warming with benzylchloride in the presence of potassium carbonate in DMF at 80°, might not be neglected, because an attempted approach to an equilibrium between Ia and IIa in a similar reaction condition except the use of benzylchloride realized, whereas non-existence of an equilibrium between Ib and IIb in the similar reaction condition was observed.

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Dialkyl -aryl-2, -dimethyl-, -dihydropyridine-, -dicarboxylates (I) were subjected to the Mannich reaction with excess paraformaldehyde and primary amine in ethanolic solution. Novel ring-system compounds, dialkyl t--aryl-H, H-2, , a, , , -hexahydro-2, a, -triazaphenalene-, γ-a-dicarboxylate derivatives (III), and some intermediary products were obtained stereoselectively. The reaction pathway and the stereochemistry of these products are discussed.

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わが国における主要中晩生および香酸カンキツ染色体のクロモマイシン (CMA) 染色を行った. 染色体はCMA(+) バンドの有無および位置から種類に区分できた. すなわち, CMA(+) をA: 両端および動原体近傍に有する, : 一方の端部と動原体近傍に有する, C: 両端に有する, : 一方の端部に有する, : CMA(+) がない, である. 各種はこれらのうち, 種類の染色体を有し, 独自のCMAバンドパターンを示した. ハッサクではA+C++, ヒュウガナツでは2A+2C++, ‘川野なつだいだい’ではA+2C++, ‘宮内伊予柑’ではA++C++, タンカン‘垂水号’ではA++C++, カボスでは+2C++, スダチでは+2C++およびユズ‘山根’では2+C+11+であった. 以上の結果, 本研究においても近縁の種間では似通ったCMAバンドパターンが観察された.

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カンキツ主要12種を用いて染色体のクロモマイシン (CMA) 染色を行った．染色体は CMA(+) バンドの有無および位置から 種類に区分できた．すなわち，CMA(+) を A: 両端および動原体近傍に有する，: 一方の端部と動原体近傍に有する，C: 両端に有する，: 一方の端部に有する，: CMA(+) がない，F: 動原体近傍に有する，Dst: 付随染色体を有する 型，である．各種はこれらのうち 2～ 種類の染色体を有し，独自の CMA バンドパターンを示した．C. medica では 2 + + ，C. limon では + C + + ，C. aurantifolia では 2 + + ，C. aurantium では A + + C + + ，C. sinensis では 2+ 2C + + ，C. maxima では A + C + + ，C. paradisi では 2A + C + + ，C. ichangensis では 2 + 2C + 12 + 2，C. latipes では 2A + C + + ，C. micrantha では + 11 + + 2Dst，C. macroptera では 2 + C + 11 + + F，C. hystrix では + C + + + 2F + Dst であった．

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Agaricus blazei is an important fungus for producing bioactive compounds. There are some reports of polysaccharides and steroid derivatives from the fruiting bodies of A. blazei. However, the chemical examination of the secondary metabolites of the cultured mycelia of this species has not been reported. Eight compounds, an unprecedented skeleton have been isolated from the cultured mycelia of A. blazei. The structures of the novel compounds each named blazeispirols A (), (2), C (), (), () X(), Y () and Z () were confirmed by extensive and 2 NMR spectral data and X-ray analysis. Blazeispirols A (), (2), C (), () and () were des-A-ergostane type compounds having spiroacetal structure as a side chain. Blazeispirols X () and Y () were determined to be (20S, S, 23R, 24S)- (10→) abeo-14β, :, 25-diepoxyergosta-,,,11-tetraene-α,23-diol and (20S, S, 23R, 24S)-14β,:,25-diepoxy-,23-dihydroxyergosta-,,11-triene-,-dione by comparison of extensive and 2 NMR spectral data with that of blazeispirol A. The biosynthesis of blazeispirol A was investigated by feeding ^<13>C-labeled acetates and methionine to the growing cultures of A. blazei. The labeling patterns of derived from singly and doubly ^<13>C-labeled acetates were consistent with that of ergosterol reported previously except for the A-ring and then ^<14>C-labeled ergosterol was incorporated into blazeispirol A. Taking the structures of blazeispirols Z and into consideration, it can be assumed that blazeispirol A is biosynthesized from ergosterol by the cleavage of C-, C- and C-, C-10 bonds on retro aldol condensation and Michael reaction via such as intermediate A as shown in Fig. . A large number of ergostane-type steroids have been isolated from many fungi. However, blazeispirol A is the first example of a naturally occurring des-A-ergostane-type steroid including a spiroacetal structure moiety as a side chain.

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-()-and-(Z)-Cyanomethylene-(a), (), p-nitrophenylmethylene (a), (), p-methoxyphenylmethylene (a), () and phenylmethylene (a), ()--deoxy-, 2;, -di-O-isopropylidene-α--ribo-hexofuranose were prepared from , 2;, -di-O-isopropylidene-α--ribo-hexofuranos--ulose () and the corresponding Wittig reagents. In deacetonylations of these -methylene derivatives by ion exchange resin (IR-120), a, and a, gave rise to intramolecular cyclization products, , -anhydro--cyanomethyl-, 2-O-isopropylidene-α--glucofuranose () and , -anhydro--p-nitrophenylmethyl-, 2-O-isopropylidene-α--glucofuranose (11), respectively. While, a, and a, gave rise to the corresponding diol : -()-and-(Z)-p-methoxyphenylmethylene--deoxy-, 2-O-isopropylidene-α--ribo-hexofuranose (12a), (12) and -()- and-(Z)-phenylmethylene--deoxy-, 2-O-isopropylidene-α--ribo-hexofuranose (13a), (13).

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Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of 2 multivitamin preparations including _, _, _<12> and/or were studied in human male volunteers. The same dosage of 100 mg thiamine tetrahydrofurfuryl disulfide (_) was included in both preparations. However, one preparation (Alinamin EX^<(R)>) included high amounts of 100 mg pyridoxine hydrochloride (_), 1500 μg hydroxocobalamin (_<12>) and 100 mg , l-α-tocopherol succinate (). The other (Alinamin A50^<(R)>) included 10 mg riboflavin (_2), 10 mg pyridoxine hydrochloride (_), 20 μg cyanocobalamin (_<12>). the results were as follows : ) _ : No difference was observed between AUC of both preparations. T_<max> tended faster in Alinamin EX^<(R)>. 2) _ : AUC by administration of Alinamin EX^<(R)> was times larger than in Alinamin A50^<(R)>. ) _<12> : AUC by administration of Alinamin EX^<(R)> was times larger than in Alinamin A50^<(R)>. ) : A significant increase in plasma was observed by administration of Alinamin EX^<(R)>. AUC represents the area under curve obtained from the blood drug concentration of the time course.

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Melithasterols A- (-), isolated from a gorgoinan coral Melithaea ocracea of Okinawa, were shown to be cholestane-, 24-methyl--dehydrocholestane-, -dehydrocholestane-, and 24-methylenecholestane-derivatives. respectively, having a common β, α -dihydroxy-α, α-epoxy-Δ^ steroid nucleus. This was confirmed by direct comparison with the authentic sample prepared by lead tetra-acetate oxydation of cholest--ene- β, α, α-triol -monoacetate. Twelve new polyhydroxysterols were isolated from an Alcyonium sp. (,,), and Sclerophytum sp. (14,16,19,20,21,a,23,26,28) soft corals collected off the coasts of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Indian Ocean. All the Sclerophytum sp. soft corals contained 17a or its 25-deacetyl derivative. Compounds to were identified as 24-methylenecholest--ene- β, 16β-diol--0-α-L fucoside () and its β-() and α-hydroxy () derivatives. Compound 14 was shown to be 24S-24-methylcholest--ene-β,25ξ,26-triol and was correlated to the known compound 15 by α, β-glycolation. Compound 16 was shown to be β, α-isomer of 17, correlating to 17 by PCC oxidation followed by dehydration. Compound 19 was identified with 25-deacetyl derivative of the known compound lobosterol (19a) by hydrolysis of authentic lobosterol. Compounds 20 and 21 were shown to be -dehydro-(20) and -dehydro-(21) derivative of 17a and 17, respectively, by comparisons of their spectral data with reference compounds. Compounds a and 23 were 24S-methylcholestane-β, α 25-triol--one 25-monoacetate (a) and its 25-deacetoxyl derivative (23). Partial PCC oxidation of 17a afforded a. Compounds 26 (andamansterol) and 28 (nicobarsterol) were shown to be gorgost--ene-β, α. 11α, 21-tetrol and novel secosteroid, 11,21-cyclo--homo-11-oxa-, 11-secoergostane-β, α, 12ξ-triol--one, respectively, by spectral analyses (H-HCOSY, HMQC, HMBC).

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