This study aimed to determine the prevalence of fecal carriage of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and/or plasmidic AmpC β-lactamase (pAmpC) producing Escherichia coli among dogs (n=428) in Turkey. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing were used to characterize genes encoding β-lactamase and plasmid mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and PCRs for virulence genes and phylogenetic groups were also performed. Cefotaxime resistant

. coli isolates were detected in 95 (.2%) of the swab samples. Sequencing analysis results showed occurrence of various β-lactamase genes: bla_CTX-M-15 (62), blaTEM-

1b

(42), bla_CMY-2 (

22

), bla_CTX-M-3 (16), blaCTX-M-

1

(15), blaOXA-

1

(

9

) and bla_SHV-12 (3) alone or in combination. The most frequently encountered phylogenetic group was group

A₁

(35.

8

%), followed by group

D₂

(

22

.

1

%),

B

1

(15.

8

%),

D₁

(

9

.

5

%),

A₀

(7.4%),

B2₂

(

5

.3%) and

B2₃

(4.2%), respectively. PMQR genes, aac(

6

’)-Ib-cr,

qnrS1

and qnrB10 were detected in 25.3, 10.

5

and

1

.

1

% of the isolates, respectively. While all isolates were susceptible to imipenem and amikacin, resistance rates to non-β-lactam antibiotics ranged from 20.

0

% for tobramycin to 56.

8

% for tetracycline. The virulence genes were only detected in 34 (36.2%) of the isolates and this isolates carried single or various combination of virulence genes of iucD, papC, papE, f17a-A and eaeA. Four isolates were identified as human virulent pandemic CTX-M-15 producing

E

. coli clone O25

b

:ST131/

B

2. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to show fecal carriage of ESBL/pAmpC type β-lactamase producing

E

. coli isolates among dogs in Turkey.

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A boron treated copper bearing HSLA steel containing austenite formers like manganese and nickel, somewhat lower in amount than that in HSLA 100 variety of steel is chosen for the study. The role of thermomechanical processing on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the above steel has been investigated. Differential scanning calorimetric study is carried out for understanding the precipitation behaviour of copper in HSLA steel under the influence of boron. The microstructure of the experimental steel is found to consist of laths of martensites and bainite. MA constituents of ribbon like morphology are observed at the lath boundaries. Higher strength properties of the steel are attributed to the presence of finely distributed precipitates of copper and microalloy carbides.

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This paper outlines a mathematical description of the stress dilatancy behaviour of granular materials which accounts for stress level and void ratio dependencies. The consideration of these aspects has important implications in the modelling of granular material behaviour. In fact, granular material mechanical response is largely dominated by the evolution of dilatancy, fabric and void ratio histories. The starting point in this study is the well established Rowe's theory which is revisited and ultimately modified by introducing a factor linked to governing state parameters in order to describe the complete behaviour of granular materials during deformation. Numerical simulations of triaxial tests on granular materials at different void ratios and stress levels are herein presented to illustrate the model.

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Oral Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans strains have been classified into five serotypes. The aim of this study was to determine the compositions of A. actinomycetemcomitans serotype - and - specific antigens. The serodistribution of clinical isolates from the patients with periodontitis were also investigated. Serotype-specific polysaccharide antigens of A. actinomycetemcomitans IDH 781 (serotype ) and OMZ 534 (serotype ) were extracted from whole cells by autoclaving. The extracts were purified by chromatography on DEAE-Sepharose CL- and Sephacryl S-300HR columns. The serotype antigen was composed of rhamnose (17. %), mannose (45.%), galactose (2.%) and glucose (35.%) . On the other hand, the serotype antigen was composed of rhamnose (23.%), mannose (29.%), galactose (11.%), glucose (13. %) and unidentified sugar (.%) . Immunodiffusion tests revealed that the purified polysaccharide antigen form a single precipitin line with the corresponding rabbit antiserum. A total of 157 A. actinomycetemcomitans clinical isolates from diseased sites of 39 patients with periodontitis were serotyped by using serotype-specific rabbit antisera against A. actinomycetemcomitans serotype a, , c, and strains. In the immunodiffusion assay, the autoclaved extracts of 42, 12, 34, and 41 A. actinomycetemcomitans clinical isolates reacted with serotype a, , c, and antisera, respectively. These findings indicate that the extraction of serotype antigens by autoclaving is useful and definite for the serotyping of A. actinomycetemcomitans clinical isolates.

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The ability of Climacodon septentrionalis to immobilize and kill a mycophagous nematode (Aphelenchoides sp.) in vitro is described for the first time. Two isolates produced droplets (20–45 μm in diameter) that formed at the apices of tall, stalked, and branching secretory cells (700–

,500 μm tall). On 2% modified malt extract agar, nematodes became enveloped in the droplets, which restricted their ability to move and resulted in complete immobilization and death within several hours of contact. The rate of decomposition of the nematodes varied considerably, with most individuals persisting for weeks whereas others were degraded within several days and appeared to be colonized by dense hyphal growth. This study provides the first documentation of a non-agaricoid fungus producing secretory cells that are able to immobilize nematodes.

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The phase diagrams of the Ni-Mo- and Ni-W- ternary systems in the region of less than 50mol% were constructed by thermodynamic calculation, based on the data obtained by thermodynamic measurement of the related materials. We found three ternary eutectic points and three or two ternary peritecto-eutectic points as follows:
:L (1365K, 71.mol%Ni-.mol%Mo-.mol%)=(Ni)++
:L (1355K, 62.mol%Ni-2.mol%Mo-30.mol%)=++
:L (1445K, 42.mol%Ni-30.mol%Mo-10.3mol%)=(Ni)+NiMo+
:L (1812K, 34.mol%Ni-42.3mol%Mo-.mol%)+MoB=+
P₂:L (1633K, 42.3mol%Ni-40.4mol%Mo-17.3mol%)+Mo=+
P₃:L (1812K, 53.mol%Ni-33.7mol%Mo-12.mol%)+Mo=NiMo+
:L (1622K, 51.mol%Ni-31.mol%W-17.4mol%)=(Ni)+W+
:L (1260K, 71.mol%Ni-7.mol%W-.mol%)=(Ni)++
:L (1291K, 65.4mol%Ni-4.mol%W-29.mol%)=++
:L (2115K, 23.mol%Ni-43.mol%W-33.mol%)+WB=+
P₂:L (1657K, 48.mol%Ni-33.mol%W-18.mol%)+=W+
The calculated phase diagrams are expected to be useful for the development of new Ni-based heat-, corrosion- or wear-resistance alloys.

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わが国における主要中晩生および香酸カンキツ染色体のクロモマイシンA₃ (CMA) 染色を行った. 染色体はCMA(+) バンドの有無および位置から種類に区分できた. すなわち, CMA(+) をA: 両端および動原体近傍に有する, : 一方の端部と動原体近傍に有する, C: 両端に有する, : 一方の端部に有する, : CMA(+) がない, である. 各種はこれらのうち4, 種類の染色体を有し, 独自のCMAバンドパターンを示した. ハッサクではA+C++, ヒュウガナツでは2A+2C++, ‘川野なつだいだい’ではA+2C+7+, ‘宮内伊予柑’ではA++C++7, タンカン‘垂水号’ではA++C++7, カボスでは3+2C++, スダチでは+2C++およびユズ‘山根’では2+C+11+4であった. 以上の結果, 本研究においても近縁の種間では似通ったCMAバンドパターンが観察された.

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Melithasterols A- (-4), isolated from a gorgoinan coral Melithaea ocracea of Okinawa, were shown to be cholestane-, 24-methyl--dehydrocholestane-, -dehydrocholestane-, and 24-methylenecholestane-derivatives. respectively, having a common 3β, 7α -dihydroxy-α, α-epoxy-Δ^ steroid nucleus. This was confirmed by direct comparison with the authentic sample prepared by lead tetra-acetate oxydation of cholest--ene- 3β, α, α-triol 3-monoacetate. Twelve new polyhydroxysterols were isolated from an Alcyonium sp. (7,,), and Sclerophytum sp. (14,16,19,20,21,a,23,26,28) soft corals collected off the coasts of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Indian Ocean. All the Sclerophytum sp. soft corals contained 17a or its 25-deacetyl derivative. Compounds 7 to were identified as 24-methylenecholest--ene- 3β, 16β-diol-3--α-L fucoside (7) and its 7β-() and 7α-hydroxy () derivatives. Compound 14 was shown to be 24S-24-methylcholest--ene-3β,25ξ,26-triol and was correlated to the known compound 15 by α, β-glycolation. Compound 16 was shown to be β, α-isomer of 17, correlating to 17 by PCC oxidation followed by dehydration. Compound 19 was identified with 25-deacetyl derivative of the known compound lobosterol (19a) by hydrolysis of authentic lobosterol. Compounds 20 and 21 were shown to be 7-dehydro-(20) and -dehydro-(21) derivative of 17a and 17, respectively, by comparisons of their spectral data with reference compounds. Compounds a and 23 were 24S-methylcholestane-3β, α 25-triol--one 25-monoacetate (a) and its 25-deacetoxyl derivative (23). Partial PCC oxidation of 17a afforded a. Compounds 26 (andamansterol) and 28 (nicobarsterol) were shown to be gorgost--ene-3β, α. 11α, 21-tetrol and novel secosteroid, 11,21-cyclo--homo-11-oxa-, 11-secoergostane-3β, α, 12ξ-triol--one, respectively, by spectral analyses (H-HCOSY, HMQC, HMBC).

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Low molecular weight glutenin subunits are important components of wheat storage proteins, which play an important role in determining end-use quality of common wheat. A newly established matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) procedure was used to analyze 478 landraces of bread wheat collected from the Yangtze-River region in China. Results indicated that 17 alleles at three loci: Glu-A3, Glu-

and Glu- were identified, resulting in 87 different allele combinations. Of the 17 alleles detected at all the Glu-3 loci, five belonged to Glu-A3, seven to Glu- and five to Glu- locus. MALDI-TOF-MS indicated Glu-A3a/c was present in 72.%, Glu- in .4%, Glu- in .4%, Glu-A3f in .2% and Glu- in 3.% lines. Seven types of alleles were identified at the Glu- locus: Glu-

B

3

d

/i (25.%), Glu- (21.3%), Glu- (16.%), Glu- (13.%), Glu- (.4%), Glu- (.2%), and Glu- (.2%). Five types of Glu- alleles were detected: Glu- (58.4%), Glu- (.%), Glu- (15.%), Glu- (3.3%) and Glu- (.2%). Four new alleles that showed abnormal MALDI-TOF spectrum patterns were identified at the Glu-A3 and Glu- loci. A detailed study is needed to further characterize these alleles and their potential usage for wheat improvement.

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The possibility of attenuation of microseismic waves due to the presence of an upward folding of the ocean bottom into the liquid is discussed in this paper. The upward folding of the ocean bottom has been idealized by means of an irregularity in the form of a rectangle intruding into the liquid and the evaluation of the displacement component at any point of the solid medium has been carried out in two stages. First, the change in the incident mode of the surface wave due to the presence of the rectangular irregularity has been determined, and second, the subsequent change of the resulting displacement components due to the termination of the liquid layer and the step change in elevation of the solid medium at the continental margin has been discovered. Finally, numerical calculation has been made to determine the attenuation of the microseismic waves of different periods due to the presence of the rectangular irregularity at the ocean bottom.

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フォローアップ検査がなされた2,740例（61.

±37.7月，3.33±.64回）を初回所見別にA群：正常大腸633例，群：微小腺腫放置721例，C群：低異型度腺腫切除622例，群：高異型度腺腫，粘膜内癌切除307例，群：浸潤癌切除457例に分類し後ろ向きに検討した．異時性の低異型度腺腫，高異型度腺腫または癌（Index lesion）の累積発生率は，Kaplan-Meier法によるLogrank検定にて，両者ともA群，群，C群，群の順に段階的に有意に増加した．しかし低異型度腺腫は群で有意に減少した．3年未満，年未満のIndex lesion発生率はA群.％，.7％，群2.3％，3.2％，C群3.2％，3.％，群4.％，.3％，群.％，7.％であった．4％を許容頻度とすれば，A，，C群は年間は許容され群は年間，群は3年間で許容頻度を超えた．

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カンキツ主要12種を用いて染色体のクロモマイシン A₃(CMA) 染色を行った．染色体は CMA(+) バンドの有無および位置から 7 種類に区分できた．すなわち，CMA(+) を A: 両端および動原体近傍に有する，: 一方の端部と動原体近傍に有する，C: 両端に有する，: 一方の端部に有する，: CMA(+) がない，F: 動原体近傍に有する，Dst: 付随染色体を有する 型，である．各種はこれらのうち 2～ 種類の染色体を有し，独自の CMA バンドパターンを示した．C. medica では 2 + + ，C. limon では + C + + ，C. aurantifolia では 2 + + 7，C. aurantium では A + + C + 7 + ，C. sinensis では 2+ 2C + 7 + 7，C. maxima では 3A + 3C + 4 + ，C. paradisi では 2A + 3C + + 7，C. ichangensis では 2 + 2C + 12 + 2，C. latipes では 2A + C + + 3，C. micrantha では + 11 + 4 + 2Dst，C. macroptera では 2 + C + 11 + 3 + F，C. hystrix では 3 + C + + 3 + 2F + Dst であった．

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3-()-and-(Z)-Cyanomethylene-(a), (), p-nitrophenylmethylene (a), (), p-methoxyphenylmethylene (7a), (7) and phenylmethylene (a), ()-3-deoxy-, 2;, -di-O-isopropylidene-α--ribo-hexofuranose were prepared from , 2;, -di-O-isopropylidene-α--ribo-hexofuranos-3-ulose (4) and the corresponding Wittig reagents. In deacetonylations of these 3-methylene derivatives by ion exchange resin (IR-120), a, and a, gave rise to intramolecular cyclization products, 3, -anhydro-3α-cyanomethyl-, 2-O-isopropylidene-α--glucofuranose () and 3, -anhydro-3α-p-nitrophenylmethyl-, 2-O-isopropylidene-α--glucofuranose (11), respectively. While, 7a, 7 and a, gave rise to the corresponding diol : 3-()-and-(Z)-p-methoxyphenylmethylene-3-deoxy-, 2-O-isopropylidene-α--ribo-hexofuranose (12a), (12) and 3-()- and-(Z)-phenylmethylene-3-deoxy-, 2-O-isopropylidene-α--ribo-hexofuranose (13a), (13).

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Two new partially saturated tricyclic ring systems, , a, 7, , , 10, 10a, 11-octahydro-11-oxodibenz [, ] oxepins (3a and 3), and -thiepins (4a and 4) were synthesized. Compounds 4a and 4 were desulfurized to give a pair of isomeric 2-methylbenzoylcyclohexanes (10a and 10). Deuterated 4a and 4 (11a and 11) were prepared starting from butadiene- (12). The stereochemical features of 3a (trans), 3 (cis), 4a (trans) and 4 (cis) are compared with those of 10a, 10, 11a and 11 on the basis of proton nuclear magnetic resonance data.

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