In view of the significant role of the water film effect in flow failure for a liquefied sandy deposit, the mechanism of water film generation is numerically studied based on a 1-dimensional model test. The process of water film growth and decay can be simulated to a certain extent by a simple consolidation analysis, which indicates that only a small difference in permeability in layered sand is enough for a water film to develop. A 1 G shaking table test for a two-dimensional slope model with an arc of silt within a saturated sand is then addressed to discuss the dilatancy effect exerted in sheared sand during flow failure. It is possible that, once the water film is formed, the transmission of shear stress through it is interrupted, leaving the sand below free from the dilatancy ; this eventually allows the water film to stay without being absorbed during flow failure. The result of another shaking table test for a trapezoidal slope with horizontal silt seams indicate that water films beneath the seams enable the soil mass above them to laterally flow along water films very gently inclined even after shaking. If a silt seam breaks due to excessive pressure in the water film, it triggers re-liquefaction in the upper sand and leads to further instability.

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This paper outlines a mathematical description of the stress dilatancy behaviour of granular materials which accounts for stress level and void ratio dependencies. The consideration of these aspects has important implications in the modelling of granular material behaviour. In fact, granular material mechanical response is largely dominated by the evolution of dilatancy, fabric and void ratio histories. The starting point in this study is the well established Rowe's theory which is revisited and ultimately modified by introducing a factor linked to governing state parameters in order to describe the complete behaviour of granular materials during deformation. Numerical simulations of triaxial tests on granular materials at different void ratios and stress levels are herein presented to illustrate the model.

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From the fronds of Polystichum tripteron (KUNZE) P_R. a new norcarotenoid glycoside was isolated and shown to be (R, , R)--hydroxy-megastigma-, -dien-3-one--O-β--glucoside. The fronds of Dennstaedtia wilfordii (MOORE) CHRIST. contain the same glucoside.

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This study aimed to determine the prevalence of fecal carriage of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and/or plasmidic AmpC β-lactamase (pAmpC) producing Escherichia coli among dogs (n=428) in Turkey. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing were used to characterize genes encoding β-lactamase and plasmid mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and PCRs for virulence genes and phylogenetic groups were also performed. Cefotaxime resistant

. coli isolates were detected in (.2%) of the swab samples. Sequencing analysis results showed occurrence of various β-lactamase genes: bla_CTX-M-15 (62), bla_TEM-1b (42), bla_CMY-2 (), bla_CTX-M-3 (16), bla_CTX-M-1 (15), bla_OXA-1 () and bla_SHV-12 (3) alone or in combination. The most frequently encountered phylogenetic group was group A₁ (35.%), followed by group (.1%), B1 (15.%), (.%), (.%), (.3%) and B2₃ (.2%), respectively. PMQR genes, aac(

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’)-Ib-cr, qnrS1 and qnrB10 were detected in 25.3, 10. and 1.1% of the isolates, respectively. While all isolates were susceptible to imipenem and amikacin, resistance rates to non-β-lactam antibiotics ranged from 20.% for tobramycin to 56.% for tetracycline. The virulence genes were only detected in 34 (36.2%) of the isolates and this isolates carried single or various combination of virulence genes of iucD, papC, papE, f17a-A and eaeA. Four isolates were identified as human virulent pandemic CTX-M-15 producing

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. coli clone O25b:ST131/B2. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to show fecal carriage of ESBL/pAmpC type β-lactamase producing

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. coli isolates among dogs in Turkey.

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Stress wave theory is applied to open-ended pipe piles to clarify the effects of soil plug on the behaviour of piles during driving and static loading. Measured field data and various numerical models are reviewed ; methods are presented to calculate wave propagation in both the pile and the soil plug ; modelling is presented which takes into account the interaction between the soil plug and the pile ; also presented is simplified method to estimate the loadsettlement relation of the pipe pile in static loading. By correlating observed and calculated values in two analytical cases, the authors demonstrate that incorporation of the soil plug (modelled as a series of masses and springs) is required to correctly predict pile behaviour during driving and static loading.

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A methanol extract of the flowers of Mammea siamensis (Calophyllaceae) was found to inhibit enzymatic activity against aromatase (IC₅₀=16. µg/mL). From the extract, two new geranylated coumarins, mammeasins C (1) and (2), were isolated together with seven coumarins: -hydroxy--methyl--(3,-dimethyl-octa-2,-dienyl)--(2-methyl-1-oxobutyl)-,-dihydropyrano[,3,2-de]chromen-2-one (), -hydroxy--methyl--(3,-dimethyl-octa-2,-dienyl)--(3-methyl-1-oxobutyl)-,-dihydropyrano[,3,2-de]chromen-2-one (10), mammeas A/AA (14), A/AB (15), A/AA cyclo (18), / (23), and / cyclo (25). The structures of 1 and 2 were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic evidence. Among the isolates including 17 previously reported coumarins, 1 (IC₅₀=2. µM), 2 (3. µM), and mammea B/AB cyclo (21, 3.1 µM) showed relatively strong inhibitory activities comparable to the activity of the synthetic nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor aminoglutethimide (2. µM).

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A new analytical method is proposed for determining the inextensible grid reinforcement pullout resistance and pullout force/pullout displacement curve by using basic backfill soil and grid reinforcement properties. The pullout skin friction resistance/pullout displacement relationship is simulated by linear elastic-perfectly plastic model. A hyperbolic model has been proposed to represent the pullout bearing resistance/pullout displacement relationship in which the maximum bearing resistance of a single bearing member is determined using a new bearing capacity equation proposed in this paper. The influences of the grid bearing member spacing ratio, S/, the bearing member deflection rigidity, and the pullout softening behavior on the mobilization of pullout bearing resistance are explicitly included in the proposed model. Good agreement has been obtained between calculated values and laboratory test results.

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Two new polyacetylene compounds (, , 12)-1-acetoxy-3-isovaleryloxytetradeca-, , 12-trien-, 10-diyn-14-ol (B), and (, , 12)-1-acetoxy-3-(2-methylbutyryloxy)tetradeca-, , 12-trien-, 10-diyn-14-ol (C) have been isolated along with (, , 12)-1-acetoxy-3-senecioyloxytetradeca-, , 12-trien-, 10-diyn-14-ol (A) from Atractylodes Rhizome (Karabyakujutu). The structures of these compounds were determined on the basis of their spectral data.

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Based on the recommendations of Berezantzev et al., a new semi-empirical equation for settlement ratio of pile foundations in sand has been derived. The settlement ratios obtained using this equation have been compared with the actual measured values. The comparison indicates that the new equation predicts higher than actual settlement values and is therefore conservative. The new equation is therefore modified in the light of empirical evidence and presented in a generalised form which can be used for square, rectangular, and irregular pile groups. The procedures recommended for the use of the equation in preliminary designs are explained.

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This study was performed to clarify which factors affected damage to tame-ike (small embankment dams for irrigation) in Hokudan Town as a result of the January 17, 1995 Hyogoken-Nambu earthquake. Factors were assumed to be : Location (.g., Distance to Epicenter, etc.), Structure (.g., Angle to Nearest Fault, Embankment Volume, etc.), Soil Properties of Embankment, Geology of Dam Site and History (Era of Construction, Repaired, etc.). Multivariate statistical analyses were performed for documentary data (damaged : 181, undamaged : 328). Ordinary statistical analyses were conducted for the data investigated in situ for soil properties of the embankment. The results show that the factors causing damage to dam are : (1) Nearest Fault (Nojima, Mizukoshi and 2), (2) Distance to Nearest Fault (less than 500 m), (3) Distance to Epicenter (approximately to 14 km, which almost agrees with the location of seismic intensity JMA), () Elevation of Dam Site (higher than 100 m), () Embankment Volume (the greater the volume the more damage was caused), () Direction of Dam Axis (normal or diagonal to the epicenter or to nearest the fault), () Plan View of Dam Axis (3 or axes), () Surface Geology of Dam Site (non-cohesive soil type ground), () Era of Construction (prior to 1891) and (10) Soil Properties of Embankment (sand, not silty sand or gravel, penetration resistance that is 10% smaller than the undamaged dams).

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A single specimen of an engraulid fish, Encrasicholina devisi (Whitley, 1940) as collected from Uchinoura Bay, Kagoshima Prefecture, southern Japan, in January 011. The previously reported northernmost record of the species being as Taiwan, the agoshima specimen is described here as the northernmost (and first Japanese) record nown of

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. devisi. Although the species is similar to

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. heteroloba in having the maxilla osteriorly reaching to the subopercle, differences between the species have been unclear, ue to a lack of detailed comparisons. Comparisons of

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. devisi with

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. heteroloba based n 29 and 32 specimens, respectively, from the Indo-West Pacific revealed the former to ave 3 unbranched rays in the dorsal and anal fins [vs. 2 or (rarely) 1 in

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. heteroloba]. ncrasicholina devisi also differs from

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. heteroloba in having relatively fewer gill rakers: –46 (mode 40) on the first gill arch [vs. 44–51 (46)], 30–37 (34) on the second gill rch [vs. 33–42 (38–40)], 15– (19) on the fourth gill arch [vs. 19–25 (21)] and 3– () n the posterior face of the third gill arch [vs. – ()]. Morphometrically,

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. devisi is eparable from

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. heteroloba in head length [25.–27.% (mean 26.%) of standard length s. .–25.% (24.3%)], first unbranched dorsal-fin ray length [.–1.% (1.%) vs. .1– .% (.%)], second unbranched dorsal-fin ray length [.3–.% (.%) vs. 12.3–15.2% 13.%)], first unbranched anal-fin ray length [.3–2.1% (1.%) vs. 2.–.% (3.%)] and econd unbranched dorsal-fin ray length [2.3–.% (3.%) vs. .3–11.% (.%)], and in aving the third or fourth soft ray in the dorsal fin longest (vs. second to fourth), and third o fifth soft ray in the anal fin longest (vs. second or third).

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The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of progesterone (P) on the multiple follicular growth during superovulation treatment in dairy cows. Animals were divided into three groups as follows; 1) Growing CL + CIDR (G1): Cows (n=) were received a total dose of 28 A.U. FSH through the first days (twice daily) after natural ovulation (day =). CIDR was inserted on 1 and removed 12 h after the last dose of the FSH. 2) Growing CL (G2): Cows (n=, trials) were treated similar to G1 but without CIDR. 3) CL absence (G3): Cows (n=, trials) received PGF_2α at 10 days after ovulation. After 36 h, all follicles (≥ mm) were aspirated (). The FSH was given 24 h after aspiration as G1. The follicles were counted on 1, 3 and in all groups. Blood was collected daily for days. P, 2, IGF-I and growth hormone (GH) were measured by EIA. While the P level was above 1 ng/ml from 2 to in G1, it was under . ng/ml in the G3. P of G2 showed a gradual increase from . ng/ml at 1 to 2 ng/ml at . In G3, all cows showed an increase in 2 at 3 or followed by an increase of IGF-1 within 24 h. GH increased concomitantly with the 2 increase in trials out of . In contrast, the cows in G1 and G2 showed neither 2 nor IGF-1 increase. At , the number of follicles ≥mm in G3 (.±2.) was significantly (P<.05) higher than G2 (.2±2.) and G3 (11.±2.). These data demonstrate that low P level during FSH treatment enhance multiple follicular growth and 2 secretion which followed by increase of IGF-1. Therefore, P may play a critical role in the superovulation response by controlling the multiple follicular growth.

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It has been shown after mathematical and mechanical investigation that Limit Equilibrium Method (LEM) can be considered as a method to obtain the necessary condition of Slip Line Method (SLM), and that the solution can be obtained under the condition that F_s=1 and ∂F_s/∂θ=O, where F_s is the safety factor and θ is the inclination of the plane on which the safety factor is defined. Next, the generalized LEM (GLEM) is proposed, dealing with the following points : (1) Triangular or quadrangular blocks can be treated; (2) Safety factors are defined also on interblock planes; and (3) All types of plastic problems, slope stability, bearing capacity, and earth pressure are identically formulated. Two situations regarding treatment of the moment equilibrium condition are discussed. GLEM is applied to well-known problems. The results agree well with those obtained by theoretical methods. GLEM can be used to obtain the distribution of earth pressure or bearing capacity. GLEM, Iike ordinary LEM, is very effective for the practical problems, but GLEM is more theoretical and it can result in more accurate solutions.

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The design implication of stress-confinement effect of nonwoven geotextile is addressed. The unconfined and confined strengths of a selected needle-punched nonwoven geotextile are used to conduct a comparative design of a granular soil retaining wall based on a limit equilibrium approach. A higher wall may be allowed when considering the confined strength as compared to the unconfined strength. For a selected wall height, confined strength allows for fewer geotextile layers when compared to that designed using unconfined strength. It is recommended that stress-confinement test procedure should be standardized so that confinement effect of some nonwoven geotextiles may be incorporated into an individual wall design procedure.

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[1] The purpose of this reserch is to make clear what type of design can give good effects to win the high readership score. At the begining I had to know what factors decide the readership score, and how to change the quality of the desing into numerical value. I have used the method of multi-dimentional analysis with the help of a computer, and got the estimation formula, with kinds of factors, as follows ; A^^〜=B+C++K++bF+cG. A^^〜=estimated values of the readership score. 1) B, C, , K : these four factors are given as category values (so we call them); each factor is classified into several categories. B=week day, classified into categories. C=pages of a newspaper, which are characterized by the kinds of articles, news, and the other reading matters, classified into categories. =kinds of goods and trades of the advertizement, classified into 14 catedories. K=constants, given to each 13 surveys. 2) , F, G : these factors are given as numerical values. G=area of advertizement, measured by the unit of column in the whole page length, being classified into kinds of area (2., 3., , , 10, 15) and 15 column means a whole page, about 2,000cm^2. , F are the marks obtained in the design of advertizements. =sum of the marks obtained in each design element on the advertizement. F=the marks obtained on the whole effect of the design. 3) a, b, c : coefficients Using the above formula with the category values and the coefficients, we can obtain the naked design effect from the actual value A of readership score: +bF=A-(B+C++K+cG). In this research, I used 1,829 data of readership score from 1960 to 1968, being obtained by 13 survevs, spring and autumn twice a year. The sample of size each survey was 3,541, 2,251, or 200 in the other 11 surveys. Multiple correlation coefficient between the estimated value A^^〜 and the actual value A is .951. The table 2^* shows the contribution indexes of each factor by 3 kinds of expression-(1) Range : the absolute difference between the maximum and the minimum category values, (2) Standard deviations of the category values, (3) Partial correlation coefficient : the relationship between the actual values A and each factors. *see the table 2 in the thesis in Japanese. [2] The important point was in the determination of the values of , F. is the sum of the marks obtained in each design element, classified into four kinds : =_1+_2+_3+_. design elements [table] _1, _2, _3, _, these values have the grades, as , 1, 2, 3, and is given to the design that has no attractive effect or no applicable element. And obtain the marks of to grades as the sum of them. The values of F have also grades, to . The principles to determine the values of , F are as follows : a) The marks obtained of , F must be the relative values among the each survey, and at the same time, they must have constancy within the same survey-the same elements of design must win the same marks obtained. b) They must be determined as to win the highest multiple correlation coefficient, when they are put into the estimation formula. c) They must be reasonable. In order to justify them, we must carry many researches on the actual condition. The frequency of accurence of each grade of , F values, as the table -, and - in the thesis in Japanese.

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Circuit techniques to enhance the linearity of input-voltage-to-current (V/I) conversion and to increase the output impedance of a current source by compensating for the low intrinsic gain of a transistor were introduced to realize a high-frequency operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) for a low supply voltage using sub-100-nm CMOS processes. Applying these techniques, a MOS th-order Gm-C linear-phase low-pass filter (LPF) was realized using a 65nm CMOS process. A simplified biquad LPF that can serve as a component of a th-order LPF was newly developed by replacing OTAs with resistors. As a result, the -3dB frequency bandwidth, group delay ripple, 3rd-order distortion, and 3rd-order input intercept point (IIP3) were 200MHz, 2.2%, ≤ -55dB with a 100MHz input, and +10.3dBm, respectively, all with a ±.1Vp-p input signal at each input terminal in the pseudodifferential configuration. The LPF including an output buffer dissipated 60mW in the case of a 1.2V supply. Wide spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) characteristics were confirmed up to high frequencies.

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The saponin fraction from the seeds of the tea plant [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. KUNTZE (Theaceae)] was found to exhibit potent protective effects on ethanol- and indomethacin-induced gastric mucosal lesions in rats. Five new triterpene saponins, theasaponins (1), (2), (3), (), and (), were isolated together with 11 known saponins from the saponin fraction. The chemical structures of 1— were elucidated on the basis of chemical and physicochemical evidence. Among the isolated saponins, theasaponins (), (), and (3) and assamsaponin C (10) showed an inhibitory effect on ethanol-induced gastric mucosal lesions at a dose of . mg/kg, p.o. and their activities were stronger than that of omeplazole. With regard to the structure–activity relationships of theasaponins, the following structural requirements for a protective effect on ethanol-induced gastric lesions were suggested; 1) the 21- and/or -acyl groups are essential for the activity, 2) acetylation of the 16-hydroxyl group reduce the activity.

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The paper illustrates theoretical and experimental procedures adopted to characterize the seismic response of earth dams by performance-based criteria. The study refers to a real case, the Camastra Dam, a zoned earth dam with vertical clay core, placed in a highly seismic zone of Southern Italy. At first, the analysis objectives have been identified along with the physical quantities needed to achieve them for characterizing dam seismic performance. A theoretical approach, consistent with the identified analysis objectives, has been later selected. The adopted approach is based on continuum mechanics and accounts for coupling between soil skeleton and pore water phase. It is also able to describe the main features of soil response under cyclic loading conditions since it implements an advanced constitutive law for the soil skeleton. Big effort has been paid to the mechanical characterization of the dam materials. In addition to data coming from the interpretation of the laboratory tests performed at the time of dam construction, in situ tests (SASW, Down Hole, DMT) have been recently carried out on the embankment and foundation soils and interpreted consistently with the requirements of the selected theoretical model. Preliminarily, the static stages of the dam lifetime have been numerically simulated to reproduce the behaviour observed in terms of cross-arm settlements and pore water pressures, in order to obtain or verify some soil parameters and initialize the state variables for the simulation of the seismic stages. A seismological study of the dam site provided the expected seismic scenarios in terms of time histories of acceleration, needed as input for the dynamic analyses. The seismic response of the Camastra Dam was finally investigated and discussed in the light of performance-based criteria.

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