We screened the differentiation-inducing activities of 39 mushroom extracts from Akita prefecture, Japan, on the mouse osteoblastic cell line, MC3T3-. Sixteen phosphate buffered saline (PBS), 8 boiled PBS, 14 ethanol and 12 methanol extracts induced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities, an indicator of MC3T3- cell differentiation. The enzyme activities were markedly induced by extracts of Tricholoma auratum, and we isolated the active compound from methanol extracts of this mushroom. Physical data for the isolated active compound were identical to those for (,24R)-ergosta-,-diene-3β,5α,-triol (). induced ALP activities of MC3T3- cells and promoted cell proliferation. To investigate the relationships between the chemical structure and differentiation-inducing activity of the compound, ALP-inducing activities of MC3T3- cells by , ergosterol (2), ergocalciferol (3), cholesta-3β,5α,-triol (4), -dehydrocholesterol (5) and cholecalciferol () were tested. The enzyme activities of MC3T3- cells were increased 3.0-fold by 10 μM and 2.4-fold by 10 μM 4. However, 2, 3, 5 and did not induce MC3T3- cell ALP activity at 0.—10 μM. These results suggested that the OH groups at C-5 and/or C- of and 4 played an important role in their differentiation-inducing activities on MC3T3- cells. Furthermore, suppressed induction of MC3T3- cell apoptosis by serum starvation.

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Using the so-called pseudo-static method, a stability analysis was made for the mountain slide that took place at Mitake-iriya village at the time of the Izu-Ohshima-Kinkai earthquake of January 14, 1978. Undisturbed samples of volcanic clay were obtained in blocks from the exposed surface of the deposit identified to have been the sliding surface. The partially saturated clay samples were tested under consolidated undrained conditions using the triaxial test equipment. Dynamic axial stresses with irregular time histories were applied to the specimens in combination with statically sustained axial stresses to determine the soil strength under the conditions simulating in-situ states of stress during the earthquake. The results of the tests were expressed in terms of the Mohr-Coulomb type failure criterion which showed that, while the angle of internal friction remained almost unchanged, the cohesion component in irregular loading increased above values obtained in the static loading. Using the strength parameters thus determined, a pseudo-static analysis was made to check the stability of the soil masses that had actually slid during the 1978 earthquake. The maximum horizontal acceleration required to cause the slide was computed. The computed accelerations were shown to cover a range between 400 and 500 gals which is consistent with the range estimated by other investigators on the basis of overturning of tombstones in the vicinity of the slide area.

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When a mudflow moves down a slope, the gravity induced shear stress, τ, is opposed by the combined effect of the undrained shear strength, c_u, of the mud, and its viscosity, η, which is associated with the velocity gradient in the mudflow, dv/dy. In equation form this can be expressed as : τ= c_u+η(dv/dy). The resistance provided by the mud involves the contribution of both c_u and η. For an understanding of the mobilization mechanics of mudflows, one needs then these two parameters. This study describes two methods that can be used to determine these parameters. The c_u of the muds is measured using a cylinder-strength meter devise. The technique associated with this devise consists in lowering a cylinder of known dimension and weight into a mud sample, measuring the depth of penetration of the cylinder into the mud, and calculating the strength, c_u, of the mud required to support the solid cylinder at that depth. The c_u of the mud is calculated using Sokolovski's theory designed to calculate the indentation pressures developed by a Tresca plastic when a cylinder penetrates it. The determination of the viscosity, η, of the mud is obtained from either the velocity measurements of the free surface of the mudflow, or from the difference between the velocity of the free surface of the mudflow and its velocity at the interface between the mudflow and the surface on which it moves. The viscosity η is obtained from a relationship that relates these velocities with η.

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Based on the assumption that an inward- or outward-directed flow perpendicular to a slope exists, this paper describes an experiment and test results. The results are compared with both traditional continuum and single-grain theories presented for the relationship between hydraulic gradient and slope angle. For the case of outward flow, the continuum theory governs the failure mechanism of the Shirasu talus deposit. The single-grain theory controls the failure process for inward flow.

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The paper examines how well standard sources of impact sounds(bang-machine, A-ball, NF-ball, new rubber ball)imitate real impact sounds(human jumping and hopping).The compared sounds were described from psychoacoustic point of view.At the same time similarities between the impact sounds were judged in the psychoacoustic experiment.Results were compared with the existing standards expressed in F- and S-maximum sound levels:L_{A max, F}, L_{A max, S} and sound exposure level L_AE.

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Using two direct introduction methods, DNA synthesis or cell proliferation activities of three purified proteins from . coli, namely, human papillomavirus (HPV) proteins of type 16, a mutant type 16 (24 C-G) (transformation defective) and type b, were measured in mouse fibroblast, C127 cells. By a microinjection method, the order of the cell mitotic indexes for the three proteins as determined by 5-bromo-2'-deoxy-uridine (BrdU) staining was type 16, b and 16 (24 C-G). By the osmotic shock method, the ³H-TdR incorporation and coloration by (3-carboxymethoxy phenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetolazorium (MTS) for the three proteins correlated with the pRb binding and focus forming activities previously reported (hunger et al. 1991). These results indicate that the simple osmotic shock method for direct protein introduction may be generally useful for transformation assays of oncoproteins.

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Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) represent a family of diverse DNA viruses consisting of more than 100 types and have been extensively studied as an etiological factor in benign and malignant tumors. In malignant epithelial lesions, the mechanism by which two and proteins of the high risk HPV types, HPV 16 and 18 interact with cellular factors in deregulating the normal growth of the cells, has been well described by many authors. The and proteins are consistently expressed in HPV-associated malignant tumor and binding to the p53 gene mediated by the -associated protein ligase turned out to be important. In contrast important function of was demonstrated by its binding to pRb and Rb-related proteins. The bindings under phosphorylation of these proteins was degradated by ubiquination and transcription factors of the 2F regulated cell proliferation. Overall HPV 16 DNA is able to induced modifications in the host cells and immortalizing epithelial cells by stimulating human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) protein. High risk proteins directly interacts with c-myc and c-myc/ complex activates hTERT protein expression.
The various methods for detection or cloning of HPV DNA are summarized in this manuscript. PCR method has been become an established technique for detecting a large number of HPV DNAs. In particular PCR-RFLP is a simple and useful method for identifying the specific HPV types. However many modifications of the methods have been developed. Recently clinical trials are being conducted to test the preventive efficacy of HPV vaccines, directed against HPV 16 and 18 in Japan. In the future the therapeutic efficacy of HPV vaccines are required to prevent cervical cancer and other HPV associated cutaneous carcinomas.

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The ability of Climacodon septentrionalis to immobilize and kill a mycophagous nematode (Aphelenchoides sp.) in vitro is described for the first time. Two isolates produced droplets (20–45 μm in diameter) that formed at the apices of tall, stalked, and branching secretory cells (700–

,500 μm tall). On 2% modified malt extract agar, nematodes became enveloped in the droplets, which restricted their ability to move and resulted in complete immobilization and death within several hours of contact. The rate of decomposition of the nematodes varied considerably, with most individuals persisting for weeks whereas others were degraded within several days and appeared to be colonized by dense hyphal growth. This study provides the first documentation of a non-agaricoid fungus producing secretory cells that are able to immobilize nematodes.

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Reaction of ()-(S)-N-(-isopropyl-2-methoxyethyl)benzylideneamine (2) with ethylmagnesium bromide gave a mixture of (S, 'S)- and (R, 'S)-N-('-isopropyl-2'-methoxyethyl)--phenylpropylamines (3) ( : 9%). ()-(S)-N-(-Isopropyl-2-methoxyethyl)propylideneamine (5) was treated with phenyllithium to give (R, 'S)- and (S, 'S)-3 ( : 5%). On the other hand, reaction of ()-(S)-N-(2-hydroxy--isopropylethyl)benzylideneamine () with ethylmagnesium bromide yielded a mixture of (S, 'S)- and (R, 'S)-N-(2'-hydroxy-'-isopropylethyl)--phenylpropylamines () (78 : %). The absolute configurations of these amines were determined by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy and comparison with authentic samples synthesized by alternative methods.

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There has been strong demand for enhancement techniques of single-phase forced convection heat transfer because of its wide area of application on the one side and because of inferior heat-transfer capability, when compared with phase change heat transfer such as boiling and condensation, on the other side. The enhancement techniques are indispensable when gases are used as heat-transfer media. In this article the basic principles of enhancement of single-phase forced convection heat transfer are described in the first place. Three principal techniques currently employed, i..,(a) interrupted fins, (b) twisted tapes, and (c) turbulence promoters, are introduced. Mechanisms of heat-tansfer enhancement and the state-of-the art review on the R&D are presented for these techniques. In addition to these, supplementary remarks are given on techniques utilizing multiphase flow and electrostatic field.

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The gamma-ray spectrum and the conversion-electron spectrum are measured in the decay of the Tb¹⁵² activity. The L-subshell electron lines of the 586. keV +→2₁⁺ transition are separated by the ion-free beta-ray spectrometer. The M-2 mixing ratio, δ², and the dimensionless ratio X of 0-2 mixing of the 586. keV transition are obtained to be δ²≤0.16 and 0.034≤X≤0.038, respectively. The 2 branching ratio B(2; +→0_g⁺): B(2; +→2₁⁺): B(2; +→0₁⁺) is determined to be 0.023 : .0 : 5..

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A rainfall simulation device was developed to realize uniform rainfall at high g-levels in centrifuge model tests. A series of centrifuge model tests was conducted on cohesive soil slopes during rainfall, and the displacement and suction of the slopes were measured. The slope exhibits a relatively shallow slide after a heavy rainfall, and exhibits a shear zone with significant deformation in the interior of the slope. The vertical displacement is significantly larger than the horizontal displacement of the slope during rainfall. The rainfall-induced displacement process can be divided into three phases: () small displacement, (2) rapid increase, and (3) large displacement with minor rate of increase. Strain analysis was conducted on the basis of the measured displacement, and the results showed that the rainfall-induced deformation of the slope is governed by two types of mechanisms: increasing overburden weight and softening of soil. For a point in the slope, the first mechanism occurs from the beginning of rainfall; and the second mechanism occurs only when the water infiltrates there, which is described using the wetting front. Accordingly, another term, stable front, describes a boundary of zero increment of deformation. These two fronts gradually advance into the slope with increasing rainfall and divide the slope into three zones. The middle zone exhibits the most significant deformation.

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In the first part of the present work the interaction of glycophorin with dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) is studied by freeze fracture electron microscopy, densitometry, calorimetry, and ° static light scattering. An exothermic lipid/protein interaction energy of W_P=190 kJ•mol-

1

was found by application of the well known Van Laar relation for the displacement of the freezing point and the Gibbs-Duhem relationship. Secondly, the effects of Ca²⁺ on the lipid/protein interaction were studied. Following Ca²⁺ addition a remarkable decoupling of the interaction of the glycophorin head group with the bilayer surface was revealed by densitometry and gold-labeling electron microscopy. It is estimated that about 80% of lipid once disturbed by the adsorption of glycophorin head groups is decoupled after addition of Ca²⁺. Thirdly, the selective interaction of glycophorin with binary lipid mixtures was studied, including the mixtures of DMPC with dimyristoylphosphatidylserine (DMPS) and dilauroylphosphatidylcholine (DLPC), and the mixture of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) with DLPC.

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