We screened the differentiation-inducing activities of 39 mushroom extracts from Akita prefecture, Japan, on the mouse osteoblastic cell line, MC3T3-1. Sixteen phosphate buffered saline (PBS), boiled PBS, 14 ethanol and 12 methanol extracts induced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities, an indicator of MC3T3-1 cell differentiation. The enzyme activities were markedly induced by extracts of Tricholoma auratum, and we isolated the active compound from methanol extracts of this mushroom. Physical data for the isolated active compound were identical to those for (,24R)-ergosta-7,-diene-3β,,-triol (1). 1 induced ALP activities of MC3T3-1 cells and promoted cell proliferation. To investigate the relationships between the chemical structure and differentiation-inducing activity of the compound, ALP-inducing activities of MC3T3-1 cells by 1, ergosterol (2), ergocalciferol (3), cholesta-3β,,-triol (4), 7-dehydrocholesterol () and cholecalciferol () were tested. The enzyme activities of MC3T3-1 cells were increased 3.0-fold by 10 μM 1 and 2.4-fold by 10 μM 4. However, 2, 3, and did not induce MC3T3-1 cell ALP activity at 0.1—10 μM. These results suggested that the OH groups at C- and/or C- of 1 and 4 played an important role in their differentiation-inducing activities on MC3T3-1 cells. Furthermore, 1 suppressed induction of MC3T3-1 cell apoptosis by serum starvation.

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The gamma-ray spectrum and the conversion-electron spectrum are measured in the decay of the ^116mIn activity. Directional correlations are also measured for 818–1293 and 1097–1293 keV cascades. The M1-2 mixing ratio δ, and the 0-2 mixing ratio μ_k are obtained for 818.7 keV +→2₁⁺ transition to be δ=1.52−

0.22

+0.26, and μ_k≤

6

.1×10⁻⁴ respectively. The

E

2 branching ratio

B

(

E

2;

2₂

+→0_g⁺):

B

(

E

2;

2₂

+→2₁⁺):

B

(

E

2;

2₂

+→0₁⁺) is determined to be 0.0158:1.0:

5

.86.

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The gamma-ray spectrum and the conversion-electron spectrum are measured in the decay of the Tb¹⁵² activity. The L-subshell electron lines of the 586.7 keV +→2₁⁺ transition are separated by the ion-free beta-ray spectrometer. The M1-2 mixing ratio, δ², and the dimensionless ratio X of 0-2 mixing of the 586.7 keV transition are obtained to be δ²≤0.16 and 0.034≤X≤0.038, respectively. The 2 branching ratio (2; +→0_g⁺): (2; +→2₁⁺): (2; +→0₁⁺) is determined to be 0.023 : 1.0 : ..

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The phase diagrams of the Ni-Mo- and Ni-W- ternary systems in the region of less than 50mol% were constructed by thermodynamic calculation, based on the data obtained by thermodynamic measurement of the related materials. We found three ternary eutectic points and three or two ternary peritecto-eutectic points as follows:
:L (1365K, 71.mol%Ni-.0mol%Mo-.mol%)=(Ni)++
:L (1355K, 62.mol%Ni-2.mol%Mo-30.mol%)=++
:L (1445K, 42.0mol%Ni-30.mol%Mo-10.3mol%)=(Ni)+NiMo+
P₁:L (1812K, 34.9mol%Ni-42.3mol%Mo-.mol%)+MoB=+
P₂:L (1633K, 42.3mol%Ni-40.4mol%Mo-17.3mol%)+Mo=+
P₃:L (1812K, 53.mol%Ni-33.7mol%Mo-12.mol%)+Mo=NiMo+
:L (1622K, 51.0mol%Ni-31.mol%W-17.4mol%)=(Ni)+W+
:L (1260K, 71.0mol%Ni-7.0mol%W-.0mol%)=(Ni)++
:L (1291K, 65.4mol%Ni-4.mol%W-29.mol%)=++
P₁:L (2115K, 23.mol%Ni-43.1mol%W-33.1mol%)+WB=+
P₂:L (1657K, 48.9mol%Ni-33.1mol%W-18.0mol%)+=W+
The calculated phase diagrams are expected to be useful for the development of new Ni-based heat-, corrosion- or wear-resistance alloys.

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Arabidopsis dwf4 is a brassinosteroid deficient mutant, and the DWF4 gene has been reported to encode a cytochrome P450, CYP1. Here, we report the catalytic activity and substrate specificity of the CYP1 protein. The recombinant CYP1 was produced in . coli. The measurement of type I substrate binding spectra of CYP1 demonstrated that sterols showed 10 times stronger affinity to the P450 than the corresponding stanols. CYP1 activity was measured in an assay reconstituted with NADPH-P450 reductase, and the reaction products were analyzed by GC-MS. The recombinant CYP1 catalyzed the C- hydroxylation of campestanol to produce -deoxocathasterone. Substrate specificity of the CYP1 revealed that campesterol was much better substrate than campestanol, suggesting that the early C- hydroxylation pathway is a main route in the BR biosynthetic pathway. In addition, CYP1 showed the C- hydroxylation activity toward various C_<27>, C_<28>, and C_<29> sterols, indicating that CYP1 functions in the biosynthesis of C_<27>, C_<28>, and C_<29> brassinosteroids. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the biochemical evidence for the C- hydroxylation by the P450.

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At low levels, enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli should be selectively isolated by suppressing competing microflora in meat samples. In conventional methods, MacConkey II Agar with C-T Sorbitol (cefixime-tellurite, CT-SMAC) which utilizes the ability of

E

. coli O157 to ferment sorbitol, and media containing -specific chromogenic substrates, are used for detecting

E

. coli O157.
In this study, we compared two types of CHROMagar^TM O157 for the isolation of enterohemorrhagic

E

. coli O157 (improved CHROMagar^TM O157 and conventional CHROMagar^TM O157) with CT-SMAC by using the Miles-Misra method and evaluating the recovers from ground beef and human fecal samples. The results obtained are described below:
1. In the inoculation test with three media by the Miles-Misra method, improved CHROMagar^TM O157 inhibited the growth of all organisms except

E

. coli O157 better than the two other media and allowed easy differentiation from

E

. hermannii, which could not be distinguished on CT-SMAC.
2. In the

E

. coli O157 detection test for ground beef artificially inoculated with

E

. coliO157 at 1 cfu/g, the detection rate of improved CHROMagar ^TM O157 was 95%, CTSMAC 75% and conventional CHROMagar^TM O157 40%, respectively.
4. In the

E

. coli O157 detection test for

E

. coli O157 positive human fecal samples, the detection rate of improved CHROMagar^TM O157 was 54.%, CT-SMAC 50% and conventional CHROMagar^TM O157 .7%, respectively.

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In the first part of the present work the interaction of glycophorin with dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) is studied by freeze fracture electron microscopy, densitometry, calorimetry, and ° static light scattering. An exothermic lipid/protein interaction energy of W_P=190 kJ•mol^-1 was found by application of the well known Van Laar relation for the displacement of the freezing point and the Gibbs-Duhem relationship. Secondly, the effects of Ca²⁺ on the lipid/protein interaction were studied. Following Ca²⁺ addition a remarkable decoupling of the interaction of the glycophorin head group with the bilayer surface was revealed by densitometry and gold-labeling electron microscopy. It is estimated that about 80% of lipid once disturbed by the adsorption of glycophorin head groups is decoupled after addition of Ca²⁺. Thirdly, the selective interaction of glycophorin with binary lipid mixtures was studied, including the mixtures of DMPC with dimyristoylphosphatidylserine (DMPS) and dilauroylphosphatidylcholine (DLPC), and the mixture of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) with DLPC.

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Brassinolide analogues, (R, 23R, 24R)-2α, 3α, , 23-tetrahydroxy--homo-7-oxa--ergostan--one (24-epibrassinolide) (10) and (S, 23S, 24R)-2α, 3α, , 23-tetrahydroxy--homo-7-oxa--ergostan--one (9), were synthesized from brassicasterol (3a) in five steps and with ca. 20% overall yield. The key steps are the direct formation of (, 24R)-3α, -cyclo--ergost--en--one (4) from brassicasterol mesylate (3), the acid-catalyzed rearrangement of 4 to (, 24R)--ergosta-2, -dien--one (), and the Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of the tetrahydroxy -ergostan--ones 7 and .

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This study aimed to determine the prevalence of fecal carriage of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and/or plasmidic AmpC β-lactamase (pAmpC) producing Escherichia coli among dogs (n=428) in Turkey. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing were used to characterize genes encoding β-lactamase and plasmid mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and PCRs for virulence genes and phylogenetic groups were also performed. Cefotaxime resistant

. coli isolates were detected in 95 (.2%) of the swab samples. Sequencing analysis results showed occurrence of various β-lactamase genes: bla_CTX-M-15 (62), blaTEM-

1b

(42), bla_CMY-2 (

22

), bla_CTX-M-3 (16), bla_CTX-M-1 (15), bla_OXA-1 (9) and bla_SHV-12 (3) alone or in combination. The most frequently encountered phylogenetic group was group A₁ (35.

8

%), followed by group D₂ (

22

.1%),

B

1 (15.

8

%), D₁ (9.

5

%), A₀ (7.4%),

B2₂

(

5

.3%) and

B2₃

(4.2%), respectively. PMQR genes, aac(

6

’)-Ib-cr, qnrS1 and qnrB10 were detected in 25.3, 10.

5

and 1.1% of the isolates, respectively. While all isolates were susceptible to imipenem and amikacin, resistance rates to non-β-lactam antibiotics ranged from 20.0% for tobramycin to 56.

8

% for tetracycline. The virulence genes were only detected in 34 (36.2%) of the isolates and this isolates carried single or various combination of virulence genes of iucD, papC, papE, f17a-A and eaeA. Four isolates were identified as human virulent pandemic CTX-M-15 producing

E

. coli clone O25

b

:ST131/

B

2. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to show fecal carriage of ESBL/pAmpC type β-lactamase producing

E

. coli isolates among dogs in Turkey.

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　再発性アフタ (recurrent aphthous stomatitis : RAS) , 若年女性の Lipschütz genital ulceration (GU) , 結節性紅斑 (erythema nodosum : EN) などは Behçet 病 (

) の近縁とされてきた。 の診断では非特異的針反応が参考にされる。しかし, その陽性率は時代とともに低下し, われわれの 症例中１例のみが陽性であった。一方, は連鎖球菌類に過敏を示し, 口内の常在連鎖球菌を含む自家唾液にも反応することから, 診断への応用可能性を報告してきた。自家唾液反応は19 例 (. %) に反応し, HLA-51 保有者は強く反応したが, 活動期患者ではさらに強く, 10 mm 以上の紅斑を示した。他方, RAS と GU は HSV, EBV 感染関与が疑われているが, 自家唾液反応結果は RAS 例中４例 (67%) と GU 患者１例にも弱い反応を示した。血清検査では RAS の HSV 抗体は陰性, GU の病変部の EBV も陰性であった。唾液反応はEN患者, 健常コントロールは陰性であった。

　以上から自家唾液反応は

に比べて RAS と GU は弱いが反応していることから, その発症に連鎖球菌がなんらかの役目を演じていると思われた。

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The present study examined transitive responding and a symbolic distance effect during a transitive inference task in rats. Seven three-step barriers (45 cm high in total) with different visual appearances and tactile features were used as discriminative stimuli. Four rats were trained to choose and climb over one of two barriers presented simultaneously to enter a goal box and get food rewards. If a rat climbed the wrong barrier the door connected to the goal box did not open. All four rats acquired concurrent discrimination learning of four tasks (A+-, +C-, C+D-, and D+-), and showed significant transitive responding to item on the novel pair in a probe test. Moreover, two rats acquired concurrent discrimination learning of six tasks (X+A-, A+-, +C-, C+D-, D+-, and +F-), and one of them showed a symbolic distance effect, in other words a better performance for novel pairs composed of more distant items (.g., ) than pairs composed of closer items (.g., ) in the transitive series (X-A--C-D--F). The symbolic distance effect is regarded as evidence that animals solve transitive inference task based on non-deductive processes, because deductive reasoning predicts better performance to item pairs composed of closer items that call for fewer premises to be combined. Therefore, findings in the present study suggest that, as is the case with birds, monkeys, apes, and human beings, rats seemed to learn a transitive task based on some non deductive processes, such as formation of liner representation of items or value transfer between items.

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We purified a sterol with antitumor activity from the edible mushroom Sarcodon aspratus (BERK.) S. ITO and identified it as ,-epidioxy--ergosta-,9(11),-trien-3β-ol (9,11-dehydroergosterol peroxide (9(11)-DHEP)). Purified 9(11)-DHEP was a more effective inhibitor of HL60 leukemia cell growth and stronger apoptosis-inducer than ,-epidioxy--ergosta-,-dien-3β-ol (ergosterol peroxide (EP)) that we had previously identified as an apoptosis inducer. Moreover, 9(11)-DHEP selectively suppressed the growth of HT29 human colon adenocarcinoma cells but not WI38 normal human fibroblasts. After d incubation of HT29 with 7 μM 9(11)-DHEP, the number of S phase cells decreased from 23 to 15% of total diploid cells and 17% became hypodiploid. Expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (p21, WAF1, Cip1) (CDKN1A), which has been shown to cause cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in HT29 cells, was induced by 9(11)-DHEP. These results suggest that 9(11)-DHEP inhibits HT29 cell growth by inducing CDKN1A expression, thus causing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis.

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[1] The purpose of this reserch is to make clear what type of design can give good effects to win the high readership score. At the begining I had to know what factors decide the readership score, and how to change the quality of the desing into numerical value. I have used the method of multi-dimentional analysis with the help of a computer, and got the estimation formula, with 7 kinds of factors, as follows ; A^^〜=+C+D+K++bF+cG. A^^〜=estimated values of the readership score. 1) , C, D, K : these four factors are given as category values (so we call them); each factor is classified into several categories. =week day, classified into 7 categories. C=pages of a newspaper, which are characterized by the kinds of articles, news, and the other reading matters, classified into categories. D=kinds of goods and trades of the advertizement, classified into 14 catedories. K=constants, given to each 13 surveys. 2) , F, G : these factors are given as numerical values. G=area of advertizement, measured by the unit of column in the whole page length, being classified into kinds of area (2., 3., , 7, 10, 15) and 15 column means a whole page, about 2,000cm^2. , F are the marks obtained in the design of advertizements. =sum of the marks obtained in each design element on the advertizement. F=the marks obtained on the whole effect of the design. 3) a, , c : coefficients Using the above formula with the category values and the coefficients, we can obtain the naked design effect from the actual value A of readership score: +bF=A-(+C+D+K+cG). In this research, I used 1,829 data of readership score from 1960 to 1968, being obtained by 13 survevs, spring and autumn twice a year. The sample of size each survey was 3,541, 2,251, or 200 in the other 11 surveys. Multiple correlation coefficient between the estimated value A^^〜 and the actual value A is 0.951. The table 2^* shows the contribution indexes of each factor by 3 kinds of expression-(1) Range : the absolute difference between the maximum and the minimum category values, (2) Standard deviations of the category values, (3) Partial correlation coefficient : the relationship between the actual values A and each factors. *see the table 2 in the thesis in Japanese. [2] The important point was in the determination of the values of , F. is the sum of the marks obtained in each design element, classified into four kinds : =_1+_2+_3+_4. design elements [table] _1, _2, _3, _4, these values have the grades, as 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 0 is given to the design that has no attractive effect or no applicable element. And obtain the marks of 0 to 9 grades as the sum of them. The values of F have also grades, 0 to 4. The principles to determine the values of , F are as follows : a) The marks obtained of , F must be the relative values among the each survey, and at the same time, they must have constancy within the same survey-the same elements of design must win the same marks obtained. ) They must be determined as to win the highest multiple correlation coefficient, when they are put into the estimation formula. c) They must be reasonable. In order to justify them, we must carry many researches on the actual condition. The frequency of accurence of each grade of , F values, as the table -4, and - in the thesis in Japanese.

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