We screened the differentiation-inducing activities of 39 mushroom extracts from Akita prefecture, Japan, on the mouse osteoblastic cell line, MC3T3-. Sixteen phosphate buffered saline (PBS), 8 boiled PBS, 14 ethanol and 12 methanol extracts induced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities, an indicator of MC3T3- cell differentiation. The enzyme activities were markedly induced by extracts of Tricholoma auratum, and we isolated the active compound from methanol extracts of this mushroom. Physical data for the isolated active compound were identical to those for (,24R)-ergosta-,-diene-3β,5α,-triol (). induced ALP activities of MC3T3- cells and promoted cell proliferation. To investigate the relationships between the chemical structure and differentiation-inducing activity of the compound, ALP-inducing activities of MC3T3- cells by , ergosterol (), ergocalciferol (3), cholesta-3β,5α,-triol (4), -dehydrocholesterol (5) and cholecalciferol () were tested. The enzyme activities of MC3T3- cells were increased 3.0-fold by 10 μM and .4-fold by 10 μM 4. However, , 3, 5 and did not induce MC3T3- cell ALP activity at 0.—10 μM. These results suggested that the OH groups at C-5 and/or C- of and 4 played an important role in their differentiation-inducing activities on MC3T3- cells. Furthermore, suppressed induction of MC3T3- cell apoptosis by serum starvation.

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The gamma-ray spectrum and the conversion-electron spectrum are measured in the decay of the ^116mIn activity. Directional correlations are also measured for 818–1293 and 1097–1293 keV cascades. The M- mixing ratio δ, and the 0- mixing ratio μ_k are obtained for 818. keV +→2₁⁺ transition to be δ=−+0.26, and μ_k≤.×10⁻⁴ respectively. The branching ratio (; +→0_g⁺): (; +→2₁⁺): (; +→0₁⁺) is determined to be 0.0158:.0:5.86.

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The gamma-ray spectrum and the conversion-electron spectrum are measured in the decay of the Tb¹⁵² activity. The L-subshell electron lines of the 586. keV +→2₁⁺ transition are separated by the ion-free beta-ray spectrometer. The M- mixing ratio, , and the dimensionless ratio X of 0- mixing of the 586. keV transition are obtained to be ≤0.16 and 0.034≤X≤0.038, respectively. The branching ratio (; +→0_g⁺): (; +→2₁⁺): (; +→0₁⁺) is determined to be 0.023 : .0 : 5..

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Using the so-called pseudo-static method, a stability analysis was made for the mountain slide that took place at Mitake-iriya village at the time of the Izu-Ohshima-Kinkai earthquake of January 14, 1978. Undisturbed samples of volcanic clay were obtained in blocks from the exposed surface of the deposit identified to have been the sliding surface. The partially saturated clay samples were tested under consolidated undrained conditions using the triaxial test equipment. Dynamic axial stresses with irregular time histories were applied to the specimens in combination with statically sustained axial stresses to determine the soil strength under the conditions simulating in-situ states of stress during the earthquake. The results of the tests were expressed in terms of the Mohr-Coulomb type failure criterion which showed that, while the angle of internal friction remained almost unchanged, the cohesion component in irregular loading increased above values obtained in the static loading. Using the strength parameters thus determined, a pseudo-static analysis was made to check the stability of the soil masses that had actually slid during the 1978 earthquake. The maximum horizontal acceleration required to cause the slide was computed. The computed accelerations were shown to cover a range between 400 and 500 gals which is consistent with the range estimated by other investigators on the basis of overturning of tombstones in the vicinity of the slide area.

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Natural sedimentary clays exhibit ageing effects on their behaviour when subjected to both consolidation and shearing. Attempts to characterising the in-situ 'structure'of soft marine clays have been made in case studies performed in Ariake (Japan) and in Bangkok (Thailand), each showing a typical profile of aged clay-structure with depth reflecting its site-specific geological consolidation history. In each site, profiles of Atterberg limits, natural water content, overconsolidation ratio (OCR), quasi-elastic shear modulus G_max and the undrained shear strength c_u with depth were attained from various laboratory tests, together with the a comparable profile of quasi-elastic shear modulus from insitu seismic survey G_f. Quantitative assessment of the aged clay-structure was made by using two different measures, metastability index MI (G) and the soil constant reflecting structure S (Jamiolkowski et al., 1994). The profiles of MI (G) and the S-value with depth were both determined based on the corresponding G_max behaviour of the reconstituted sample. "Disturbance"of laboratory samples retrieved by using two different samplers (i.., Laval and Japanese thin-walled samplers) with two different sampling techniques (i.., pre-boring and displacement methods) was discussed. A new approach to estimate c_u"in the ground", termed by the authors the MILK (Metastability Index coupled with Laboratory K_o test) method, is proposed. A trial of the MILK-method is demonstrated in soft Bangkok clay, the texture of which is similar to "soft cheese".

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The characteristic mechanical activities of the smooth muscles found in all organs of the body are highly variable and depend mainly on the spatial arrangement of the muscle cells and the stroma: mass, orientation, relationships, links, constraints, which are deployed in various configurations. These structural features are examined here for their mechanical relevance, in light and electron microscopic views of several muscles of viscera and blood vessels, in a selection of mammalian species. Smooth muscles are incompressible and therefore maintain constant volume. They do not have available space and any movement of a part requires displacement of another part. Most of them have no terminations or points of attachment, and in hollow organs such as intestines, blood vessels and uro-genital tract they usually form structures closed onto themselves, such as rings or bag-like containers In these situations, changes in the size of the lumen is achieved very efficiently by a concentric inward enlargement that accompanies muscle contraction. The longitudinal arrangement of collagen blocks an elongation of small blood vessels upon contraction, further enhancing the efficiency of lumen reduction. In other muscles, links between layers and special arrangements of the stroma allow both shortening and elongation of a tubular organ to occur. The mechanics of smooth muscles has many characteristic features (some unique, some shared with those of hydrostats, some at variance with other muscles) and histological data are a contribution to our understanding of these properties.

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All the cells of rat detrusor muscle fall into one of five ultrastructural types: muscle cells, fibroblasts, axons and glia, and vascular cells (endothelial cells and pericytes). The tissue is ~79% cellular and 21% non-cellular. Muscle cells occupy 72%, nerves ~4% (

/3 axons, /3 glia), and fibroblast >3% of space. Muscle cells (up to µm across and ~600 µm long, packed to almost 100,000 per ) have surface-to-volume ratio of .4 /µm³ ~93% of cell volume is contractile apparatus, 3.% mitochondria and .5% nucleus. Cell profiles are irregular but sectional area decreases regularly towards either end of the cell. Muscle cells are gathered into bundles (the mechanical units of detrusor), variable in length and size, but of constant width. The musculature is highly compact (without fascia or capsule) with smooth outer surfaces and extensive association and adhesion between its cells. Among many types of intercellular contact and junction, digitations are very common, each muscle cell issuing minute finger-like processes that abut on adjacent cells. Sealed apposition are wide areas of specialized contact, possibly forming a chamber between two muscle cells, distinct from the extracellular space at large (stromal space). The innervation is very dense, virtually all intramuscular axons being varicose (including afferent ones). There are identifiable neuro-muscular junctions on each muscle cell, often several junctions on a single cell. There are also unattached terminals. Fibroblasts (involved in the production of collagen), ~% of the total number of cells, do not make specialized contacts.

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When a mudflow moves down a slope, the gravity induced shear stress, τ, is opposed by the combined effect of the undrained shear strength, c_u, of the mud, and its viscosity, η, which is associated with the velocity gradient in the mudflow, dv/dy. In equation form this can be expressed as : τ= c_u+η(dv/dy). The resistance provided by the mud involves the contribution of both c_u and η. For an understanding of the mobilization mechanics of mudflows, one needs then these two parameters. This study describes two methods that can be used to determine these parameters. The c_u of the muds is measured using a cylinder-strength meter devise. The technique associated with this devise consists in lowering a cylinder of known dimension and weight into a mud sample, measuring the depth of penetration of the cylinder into the mud, and calculating the strength, c_u, of the mud required to support the solid cylinder at that depth. The c_u of the mud is calculated using Sokolovski's theory designed to calculate the indentation pressures developed by a Tresca plastic when a cylinder penetrates it. The determination of the viscosity, η, of the mud is obtained from either the velocity measurements of the free surface of the mudflow, or from the difference between the velocity of the free surface of the mudflow and its velocity at the interface between the mudflow and the surface on which it moves. The viscosity η is obtained from a relationship that relates these velocities with η.

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Using two direct introduction methods, DNA synthesis or cell proliferation activities of three purified proteins from . coli, namely, human papillomavirus (HPV) proteins of type 16, a mutant type 16 (24 C-G) (transformation defective) and type , were measured in mouse fibroblast, C127 cells. By a microinjection method, the order of the cell mitotic indexes for the three proteins as determined by 5-bromo-'-deoxy-uridine (BrdU) staining was type 16, and 16 (24 C-G). By the osmotic shock method, the ³H-TdR incorporation and coloration by (3-carboxymethoxy phenyl)--(4-sulfophenyl)-H-tetolazorium (MTS) for the three proteins correlated with the pRb binding and focus forming activities previously reported (hunger et al. 1991). These results indicate that the simple osmotic shock method for direct protein introduction may be generally useful for transformation assays of oncoproteins.

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Based on the assumption that an inward- or outward-directed flow perpendicular to a slope exists, this paper describes an experiment and test results. The results are compared with both traditional continuum and single-grain theories presented for the relationship between hydraulic gradient and slope angle. For the case of outward flow, the continuum theory governs the failure mechanism of the Shirasu talus deposit. The single-grain theory controls the failure process for inward flow.

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Amyloid β (Aβ) plays a key role in the pathology of Alzheimer’s disease (

) and is toxic owing to its ability to aggregate into oligomers and fibrils. Aβ has high aggregative ability and potent toxicity due to the “toxic turn” at positions and 23. Furthermore, APP knock-in mice producing P-Aβ with the toxic turn exhibited -related phenotypes such as cognitive impairment, Aβ plaque accumulation, and tau hyperphosphorylation. In these mice, it is suggested that the activation of neuroinflammation and dysregulation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) expression in the hippocampus contribute to the pathogenesis of -related phenotype. However, it remains unclear which cells are responsible for the dysregulation of HIF expression and the neuroinflammation which was induced by P-Aβ with the toxic turn. Here, we investigated the effects of chronic treatment with P-Aβ42 and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) on the inflammatory response in BV- microglia. Chronic treatment with P-Aβ42 and LPS increased nitric oxide production and the expression of interleukin- (IL-), whereas it reduced the expression of HIF-α and HIF-3α in BV- microglia. The reduction of HIF-α caused by P-Aβ42 and LPS was milder than that caused by LPS. Furthermore, chronic treatment with P-Aβ42 and LPS increased the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB). P-Aβ42 could enhance the inflammatory response of microglia with abnormal HIF signaling and contribute to the progression of pathology.

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Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of multivitamin preparations including _, _, _<12> and/or were studied in human male volunteers. The same dosage of 100 mg thiamine tetrahydrofurfuryl disulfide (_) was included in both preparations. However, one preparation (Alinamin EX^<(R)>) included high amounts of 100 mg pyridoxine hydrochloride (_), 1500 μg hydroxocobalamin (_<12>) and 100 mg d, l-α-tocopherol succinate (). The other (Alinamin A50^<(R)>) included 10 mg riboflavin (_), 10 mg pyridoxine hydrochloride (_), 20 μg cyanocobalamin (_<12>). the results were as follows : ) _ : No difference was observed between AUC of both preparations. T_<max> tended faster in Alinamin EX^<(R)>. ) _ : AUC by administration of Alinamin EX^<(R)> was 9 times larger than in Alinamin A50^<(R)>. 3) _<12> : AUC by administration of Alinamin EX^<(R)> was 4 times larger than in Alinamin A50^<(R)>. 4) : A significant increase in plasma was observed by administration of Alinamin EX^<(R)>. AUC represents the area under curve obtained from the blood drug concentration of the time course.

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The ability of Climacodon septentrionalis to immobilize and kill a mycophagous nematode (Aphelenchoides sp.) in vitro is described for the first time. Two isolates produced droplets (20–45 μm in diameter) that formed at the apices of tall, stalked, and branching secretory cells (700–

,500 μm tall). On % modified malt extract agar, nematodes became enveloped in the droplets, which restricted their ability to move and resulted in complete immobilization and death within several hours of contact. The rate of decomposition of the nematodes varied considerably, with most individuals persisting for weeks whereas others were degraded within several days and appeared to be colonized by dense hyphal growth. This study provides the first documentation of a non-agaricoid fungus producing secretory cells that are able to immobilize nematodes.

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外来昆虫クビアカツヤカミキリAromia bungii（以下クビアカ）によるバラ科樹木への被害が深刻となっており、早急な防除対策が求められている。防除対策の一環として、クビアカ雄成虫由来の揮発性集合・性フェロモンの構造が決定され、このフェロモンを用いた誘引試験を群馬県館林市のソメイヨシノ被害地で実施した。黒色サンケイトラップを誘引器として用い、誘引剤として合成フェロモン、および添加剤としてエタノール、糖酢液、および成虫の防御物質と考えられているローズオキシドを溶媒（イソプロパノール

mL）に各々溶解させたものをチャック付きポリ袋に入れたもの用いた。誘引試験は2018年月13日から8月日まで行い、フェロモン区で計139頭、対照区で頭のクビアカ成虫が捕獲された。同時に、本試験ではクビアカ以外の昆虫も捕獲された。そこで本試験で捕獲されたクビアカ以外の昆虫類について着目し、誘引トラップで捕獲された昆虫類の組成を調査し、フェロモンおよびエタノール、ローズオキシドおよび糖酢液が他種昆虫類に与える影響を考察した。本研究は農研機構生研支援センター「イノベーション創出強化研究推進事業」の支援により実施した。

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　外来昆虫クビアカツヤカミキリAromia bungii（以下クビアカ）によるバラ科樹木への被害が深刻となっており、早急な防除対策が求められている。防除対策の一環として、クビアカ雄成虫由来の揮発性性フェロモンの構造（(

)--cis-,-epoxynonenal）が決定され、この性フェロモンを用いた誘引試験をあきる野市のソメイヨシノ被害地で実施した。誘引器はサンケイトラップ（黒および透明）を用い、ポリエチレン製ビニル袋に溶媒としてイソプロパノールmLと性フェロモン（50μLあるいは100μL）を入れたものを誘引剤として用いた。対照区は溶媒のみとした。誘引試験は2017年月13日から8月30日まで行い、フェロモン区で計21頭、対照区で頭のクビアカ成虫が捕獲された。同時に、本試験ではクビアカ以外の昆虫（鞘翅目、半翅目、鱗翅目類昆虫）も捕獲された。そこで本試験で捕獲されたクビアカ以外の昆虫類について着目し、誘引トラップで捕獲された昆虫類の組成を調査し、クビアカ性フェロモンの他種昆虫類に与える影響を考察した。

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