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CASE STUDIES OF IN-SITU STRUCTURE OF NATURAL SEDIMENTARY CLAYS

澁谷啓, 三田地利之, 黄聖春

地盤工学会論文報告集
2000年 40 巻 3 号 87-100
発行日: 2000/06/15
公開日: 2008/02/29

DOI https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.40.3_87

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Natural sedimentary clays exhibit ageing effects on their behaviour when subjected to both consolidation and shearing. Attempts to characterising the in-situ 'structure'of soft marine clays have been made in case studies performed in Ariake (Japan) and in Bangkok (Thailand), each showing a typical profile of aged clay-structure with depth reflecting its site-specific geological consolidation history. In each site, profiles of Atterberg limits, natural water content, overconsolidation ratio (OCR), quasi-elastic shear modulus G_max and the undrained shear strength c_u with depth were attained from various laboratory tests, together with the a comparable profile of quasi-elastic shear modulus from insitu seismic survey G_f. Quantitative assessment of the aged clay-structure was made by using two different measures, metastability index MI (G) and the soil constant reflecting structure S (Jamiolkowski et al., 1994). The profiles of MI (G) and the S-value with depth were both determined based on the corresponding G_max behaviour of the reconstituted sample. "Disturbance"of laboratory samples retrieved by using two different samplers (i.
e
., Laval and Japanese thin-walled samplers) with two different sampling techniques (i.
e
., pre-boring and displacement methods) was discussed. A new approach to estimate c_u"in the ground", termed by the authors the MILK (Metastability Index coupled with Laboratory K_o test) method, is proposed. A trial of the MILK-method is demonstrated in soft Bangkok clay, the texture of which is similar to "soft cheese".
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ESTIMATE OF ELASTIC SHEAR MODULUS IN HOLOCENE SOIL DEPOSITS

澁谷啓, 田中洋行

地盤工学会論文報告集
1996年 36 巻 4 号 45-55
発行日: 1996/12/15
公開日: 2008/02/29

DOI https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.36.4_45

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An empirical equation in use for estimating the pseudo-elastic shear modulus, G_f, of subsoil, associated with shear strains less than 0.001% is proposed in this paper. In a series of in-situ seismic cone tests performed nationwide, the profiles of both G_f and the in-situ void ratio,
e₀
, with depth were successfully characterised at five sites, each comprising a soft clay layer deposited in the Holocene era. The database which comprised the original data from the field and laboratory tests, coupled with similar information on well-documented Holocene clay deposits in Europe, was statistically analyzed in attempts to determine a generalised relationship with which G_f of soft clay may be reasonably estimated only from routinely available borehole data; that is
e₀
and the current geostatic effective overburden pressure, σ'_v. An empirical relationship, G_f=
5
, 000
e₀
-
1.5
√(σ'_v) (kPa), was derived from the statistical analysis applied to data from seven different clays worldwide, for which
e₀
extended over a range between
1
and
5
, and the overconsolidation ratio ranged roughly between
1
and 2. The applicability of the proposed relationship was evaluated for two case records, each in which the clay exhibited unusual behavior; i.
e
., the undrained shear strength remained more or less constant with depth due to the existence of artesian pressure at one site, and, at the other, G_f decreased, whereas
e₀
increased, with depth. It was demonstrated that even in these clay deposits exhibiting exceptional profiles, the proposed relationship was capable of predicting G_f with a reasonable accuracy by determining the profiles of
e₀
and σ'_v with depth. In addition, the prediction when compared to G_max from carefully performed laboratory cyclic tests, yielded a better estimate of G_f from the in-situ seismic survey. Despite the fact that the empirical relationship was initially designated to estimate G_f of soft clays, it may be equally applicable to sandy deposits. This was verified by comparing it to similar, and well-established, relationships developed for sands. A case record as such is also described for a loose sand deposit at Higashi-Ohgishima in Tokyo Bay which was placed in 1960's by land reclamation.
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SMALL STRAIN SHEAR MODULUS OF CLAY SEDIMENTATION IN A STATE OF NORMAL CONSOLIDATION

澁谷啓, 三田地利之

土質工学会論文報告集
1994年 34 巻 4 号 67-77
発行日: 1994/12/15
公開日: 2008/02/29

DOI https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.34.4_67

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In this paper, consideration is given as to how to characterize depth-variation for the small-strain shear modulus of natural clay sedimentation, in a state of normal consolidation. A case study was carried out for a relatively uniform clay layer deposited in the Holocene era. Initially, the effects of both strain and in-situ stress levels on secant shear modulus were carefully examined in cyclic torsion shear tests using undisturbed samples, which were recovered at different depths in a test borehole. The range of shear strain examined was between 0.001% and
1
%. Similar examination was made for a silty clay using reconstituted samples that were isotropically consolidated at different stress levels. On the basis of the results of these laboratory tests, together with the shear modulus from an in-situ seismic survey, the small-strain shear modulus was formulated in terms of the stress and strain levels, and linked also to undrained shear strength. Interactions of the small strain stiffness between in-situ and laboratory are discussed in depth with an attention paid to the existing aging effect in the original subsurface condition.
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GEOTECHNICAL SIMULATION TEST FOR THE NIKAWA LANDSLIDE INDUCED BY JANUARY 17, 1995 HYOGOKEN-NAMBU EARTHQUAKE

汪発武, 佐々恭二, 福岡浩

地盤工学会論文報告集
2000年 40 巻 1 号 35-46
発行日: 2000/02/15
公開日: 2008/02/29

DOI https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.40.35

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By employing an undrained cyclic loading ring-shear apparatus, a series of tests to reproduce the dynamic behavior of the Nikawa landslide induced by the January 17, 1995 Hyogoken-Nambu earthquake, is conducted. The test sample is Osaka-group coarse sandy soil taken from the landslide. The initial stress condition acting on a soil element in the sliding surface is applied to the sample. Based on the seismic records monitored at the JR Takarazuka Station, the input seismic wave is synthesized to reproduce the seismic stress acting on the sliding surface. The test results show that the soil failed due to the dynamic loading of the earthquake. The most important results are the excess pore water pressure generation and the acceleration of shear displacement continuing after the main shock. Combined with the grain crushing at the shear zone and the volume reduction in the drained constant-speed ring-shear test, the mechanism of this landslide is interpreted as, shear displacement causing grain crushing in the shear zone and volume reduction, and then resulting in a localized liquefaction phenomenon, "sliding-surface liquefaction". This geotechnical simulation test provides a reasonable interpretation of this highly mobile landslide.
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Syntheses of
6
,
6
a,
7
,
8
,
9
, 10, 10a, 11-Octahydro-11-oxodibenz [
b
,
e
] oxepins and
6
,
6
a,
7
,
8
,
9
, 10, 10a, 11-Octahydro-11-oxodibenzo [
b
,
e
] thiepins

黒川美貴雄, 吉田耕治, 永井保嵩, 宇野準

Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin
1983年 31 巻 12 号 4312-4318
発行日: 1983/12/25
公開日: 2008/03/31

DOI https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.31.4312

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Two new partially saturated tricyclic ring systems,
6
,
6
a,
7
,
8
,
9
, 10, 10a, 11-octahydro-11-oxodibenz [
b
,
e
] oxepins (
3
a and
3
b
), and -thiepins (4a and 4
b
) were synthesized. Compounds 4a and 4
b
were desulfurized to give a pair of isomeric 2-methylbenzoylcyclohexanes (10a and 10
b
). Deuterated 4a and 4
b
(11a and 11
b
) were prepared starting from butadiene-
d₆
(12). The stereochemical features of
3
a (trans),
3
b
(cis), 4a (trans) and 4
b
(cis) are compared with those of 10a, 10
b
, 11a and 11
b
on the basis of proton nuclear magnetic resonance data.
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DAMAGE TO RIVER DIKES

OSAMU MATSUO

地盤工学会論文報告集
1996年 36 巻 Special 号 235-240
発行日: 1996年
公開日: 2012/08/13

DOI https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.36.Special_235

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Among the rivers damaged by the earthquake, two most severely damaged along the Yodo-gawa River are described. In the left levee, the settlement exceeded 2 m for a length of
1
.4 km, with a maximum settlement of
3
m. Sand boils were observed extensively on the ground surface near the damaged dikes. Holocene sandy soil with an SPT N-value of 10 or less existed in the upper part of the subsoil profile. These facts indicate that liquefaction of the soil was the major cause of the embankment damage. The cyclic stress ratio required to cause liquefaction was 0.30 as determined from cyclic triaxial tests on undisturbed samples.
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Sythesis and Stereochemistry of 11-Amino-
6
,
6
a,
7
,
8
,
9
, 10, 10a, 11-octahydrodibenzo[
b
,
e
]thiepines and-oxepines

黒川美貴雄, 糸川彰, 松本純一, 福本吉久, 月原冨武

Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin
1992年 40 巻 9 号 2270-2274
発行日: 1992/09/25
公開日: 2008/03/31

DOI https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.40.2270

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11-Amino-
6
,
6
a,
7
,
8
,
9
, 10, 10a, 11-octahydrodibebenzo[
b
,
e
]thiepines (
6
a-
d
) and -oxepines (
7
a-
d
) were synthesized by the Leuckart reaction of
6
,
6
a,
7
,
8
,
9
, 10, 10a, 11-octahydro-11-oxodibenzo[
b
,
e
]thiepines (
1
a,
b
)and -oxepines (2a,
b
) followed by hydrolysis of the reaction products 4a-
d
and
5
a-
d
, respectively. The four diastereomers, cis(
6
a-H, 10a-H)-cis(10a-H, 11-H)
6
a and
7
a, cis(
6
a-H, 10a-H)-trans(10a-H, 11-H)
6
b
and
7
b
, trans(
6
a-H, 10a-H)-trans(10a-H, 11a-H)
6
c and
7
c, and trans(
6
a-H, 10a-H)-cis(10a-H, 11-H)
6
d
and
7
d
, were isolated and their configurations and conformations were elucidated by chemical methods together with ^{1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic and X-ray crystallographic analyses.
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LABORATORY SHEAR TESTS ON VISCOUS NATURE OF LIQUEFIED SAND

西村聡, 東畑郁生, 本多剛

地盤工学会論文報告集
2002年 42 巻 4 号 89-98
発行日: 2002/08/15
公開日: 2008/02/29

DOI https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.42.4_89

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The rate dependent nature of liquefied sand was investigated by laboratory shear tests. Since previous experience has revealed the many difficulties inherent in maintaining the state of liquefaction of a sandy specimen, new measures were attempted. The test results indicate that the measured shear stress consists of frictional and rate dependent components, and a viscosity coefficient was assessed from the latter component. The measured viscosity varies with the rate of strain as well as the magnitude of strain itself. A similar test on a dry specimen revealed less viscosity and implied that a major part of rate dependency comes from the behavior of pore liquid in the case of water-saturated sand. It was interesting, moreover, that sand with fines was of less viscosity. Finally, a numerical analysis was conducted on a real liquefaction-induced ground deformation and the results were consistent with the observation.
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脂肪族ケトンオキシムのポリリン酸,ポリリン酸エステル,およびリン酸エステルによる Beckmann 転位反応-相対転位比の経時変化について-

尾形強, 佐藤治代, 吉田弘, 猪川三郎

日本化学会誌（化学と工業化学）
1974年 1974 巻 2 号 382-385
発行日: 1974/02/10
公開日: 2011/05/30

DOI https://doi.org/10.1246/nikkashi.1974.382

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The Beckmann rearrangement of aliphatic ketone oximes, R(CHs)C=NOH (R=Et (
1
); n-Pr (2); iso-Pr (
3
); iso-Bu (4)), with polyphosphoric acid (PPA), polyphosphate ester (PPE), and ester of phosphoric acid (2 P-
5
R) was carried out and migratory ratios ((a)/(
b
) in eq. (
1
)) were determined, The results are shown in Fig.
1
, 2, and
3
, respectively.
In Fig.
1
and 2, the migratory ratios decrease with reaction time and nearly approach to the ratios of anti-alkyl form/syn-alkylform in benzene(A
1
) or DMSO(A2)except for (
3
) (See Table
1
). From this fact, it has been found that PPA and PPE are inactive for isomerization of the oximes andanti-alkyl oximes rearrange faster than syn-alkyl ones. ln the case of (
3
), migratery ratios are smaller than Ai or A2. As acetonitrile is detected by GLC, it is presumed that fission has been occurred simultaneously with rearrangement in anti-alkyl oxime (eq. (
3
)). In the case of 2 P-
5
R, all modes of the reaction arethe same as in above, except that the rate of fission is tnuch faster than that in PPA and PPE.
The reaction of anti-alkyl ketone oximes having a bulky grouphas been greatly influenced by the use of sterically demanding catalysts such asPPA, PPE, and 2 P-
5
R.
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EFFECT OF PRELOADING ON POST-CONSTRUCTION CONSOLIDATION SETTLEMENT OF SOFT CLAY SUBJECTED TO REPEATED LOADING

藤原東雄, 上俊二

土質工学会論文報告集
1990年 30 巻 1 号 76-86
発行日: 1990/03/15
公開日: 2008/02/29

DOI https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.30.76

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The behavior of the soft clay grounds subjected to repeated loading is different from that subjected to sustained loading. The difference in settlement between these two loading patterns should be due to secondary compression over a long period of time. Consequently, soft clay grounds subjected to repeated loading tend to be more compressible than those subjected to sustained loading. Therefore, it is necessary for engineers to predict post-construction settlements under repeated loading. In this respect, the preloading is considered to be promising as a countermeasure to reduce the settlement of clay under repeated loading as well as under sustained loading. The effect of preloading on post-construction consolidation settlement of soft clay subjected to repeated loading after removal of a part of preload is investigated in the present paper. It has become clear that the settlement of a clay sample after preconsolidation is mainly affected by the amount of preload, the degree of consolidation due to the preload, the amount of permanent load and the amount of repeated load after removal of preload. The calculated settlement versus time relations using a method to estimate the amount of consolidation settlement of soft clay grounds subjected to repeated loading after removal of preloading were compared with the observed degree of consolidation as parameters of the intensities of preload and repeated load.
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カンキツ主要種における染色体の CMA 染色

山本雅史, Abkenar Asad Asadi, 松本亮司, 根角博久, 吉田俊雄, 國賀武, 久保達也, 冨永茂人

園芸学会雑誌
2007年 76 巻 1 号 36-40
発行日: 2007年
公開日: 2007/03/06

DOI https://doi.org/10.2503/jjshs.76.36

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カンキツ主要12種を用いて染色体のクロモマイシン
A₃
(CMA) 染色を行った．染色体は CMA(+) バンドの有無および位置から
7
種類に区分できた．すなわち，CMA(+) を A: 両端および動原体近傍に有する，
B
: 一方の端部と動原体近傍に有する，C: 両端に有する，
D
: 一方の端部に有する，
E
: CMA(+) がない，F: 動原体近傍に有する，Dst: 付随染色体を有する
D
型，である．各種はこれらのうち 2～
6
種類の染色体を有し，独自の CMA バンドパターンを示した．C. medica では 2
B
+
8
D
+
8
E
，C. limon では
1
B
+
1
C +
8
D
+
8
E
，C. aurantifolia では 2
B
+
9
D
+
7
E
，C. aurantium では
1
A +
1
B
+
1
C +
7
D
+
8
E
，C. sinensis では 2
B
+ 2C +
7
D
+
7
E
，C. maxima では
3
A +
3
C + 4
D
+
8
E
，C. paradisi では 2A +
3
C +
6
D
+
7
E
，C. ichangensis では 2
B
+ 2C + 12
D
+ 2
E
，C. latipes では 2A +
5
C +
8
D
+
3
E
，C. micrantha では
1
B
+ 11
D
+ 4
E
+ 2Dst，C. macroptera では 2
B
+
1
C + 11
D
+
3
E
+
1
F，C. hystrix では
3
B
+
1
C +
8
D
+
3
E
+ 2F +
1
Dst であった．

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Prevalence and molecular characterization of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and plasmidic AmpC β-lactamase (pAmpC) producing Escherichia coli in dogs

Özkan ASLANTAŞ, Ebru Şebnem YILMAZ

Journal of Veterinary Medical Science
2017年 79 巻 6 号 1024-1030
発行日: 2017年
公開日: 2017/06/16
[早期公開] 公開日: 2017/04/27

DOI https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.16-0432

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This study aimed to determine the prevalence of fecal carriage of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and/or plasmidic AmpC β-lactamase (pAmpC) producing Escherichia coli among dogs (n=428) in Turkey. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing were used to characterize genes encoding β-lactamase and plasmid mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and PCRs for virulence genes and phylogenetic groups were also performed. Cefotaxime resistant
E
. coli isolates were detected in 95 (
22
.2%) of the swab samples. Sequencing analysis results showed occurrence of various β-lactamase genes: bla_CTX-M-15 (62), bla_{TEM-1b
(42), bla_CMY-2 (22
), bla_{CTX-M-3
(16), bla_{CTX-M-1
(15), bla_{OXA-1
(9
) and bla_SHV-12 (3
) alone or in combination. The most frequently encountered phylogenetic group was group A₁
(35.8
%), followed by group D₂
(22
.1
%), B
1
(15.8
%), D₁
(9
.5
%), A₀ (7
.4%), B2₂
(5
.3
%) and B2₃
(4.2%), respectively. PMQR genes, aac(6
’)-Ib-cr, qnrS1
and qnrB10 were detected in 25.3
, 10.5
and 1
.1
% of the isolates, respectively. While all isolates were susceptible to imipenem and amikacin, resistance rates to non-β-lactam antibiotics ranged from 20.0% for tobramycin to 56.8
% for tetracycline. The virulence genes were only detected in 34 (36.2%) of the isolates and this isolates carried single or various combination of virulence genes of iucD, papC, papE, f17a-A and eaeA. Four isolates were identified as human virulent pandemic CTX-M-15 producing E
. coli clone O25b
:ST131/B
2. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to show fecal carriage of ESBL/pAmpC type β-lactamase producing E
. coli isolates among dogs in Turkey.
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わが国における主要中晩生および香酸カンキツ染色体のCMA染色

山本雅史, 久保達也, 冨永茂人

園芸学会雑誌
2005年 74 巻 6 号 476-478
発行日: 2005年
公開日: 2006/02/24

DOI https://doi.org/10.2503/jjshs.74.476

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わが国における主要中晩生および香酸カンキツ染色体のクロモマイシン
A₃
(CMA) 染色を行った. 染色体はCMA(+) バンドの有無および位置から
5
種類に区分できた. すなわち, CMA(+) をA: 両端および動原体近傍に有する,
B
: 一方の端部と動原体近傍に有する, C: 両端に有する,
D
: 一方の端部に有する,
E
: CMA(+) がない, である. 各種はこれらのうち4,
5
種類の染色体を有し, 独自のCMAバンドパターンを示した. ハッサクでは
1
A+
1
C+
8
D
+
8
E
, ヒュウガナツでは2A+2C+
5
D
+
9
E
, ‘川野なつだいだい’では
1
A+2C+
7
D
+
8
E
, ‘宮内伊予柑’では
1
A+
1
B
+
1
C+
8
D
+
7
E
, タンカン‘垂水
1
号’では
1
A+
1
B
+
1
C+
8
D
+
7
E
, カボスでは
3
B
+2C+
5
D
+
8
E
, スダチでは
1
B
+2C+
9
D
+
6
E
およびユズ‘山根’では2
B
+
1
C+11
D
+4
E
であった. 以上の結果, 本研究においても近縁の種間では似通ったCMAバンドパターンが観察された.
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中国でヒトに感染した鳥インフルエンザA(H
7
N
9
) ウイルスの性状，検査系の開発およびワクチン開発とその問題点

小田切孝人, 田代眞人

ウイルス
2013年 63 巻 2 号 233-240
発行日: 2013/12/25
公開日: 2014/10/31

DOI https://doi.org/10.2222/jsv.63.233

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CONSTITUTIVE RELATIONS FOR SAND UNDER CYCLIC LOADING BASED ON ELASTO-PLASTICITY THEORY

西好一, 金谷守

土質工学会論文報告集
1990年 30 巻 2 号 43-59
発行日: 1990/06/15
公開日: 2008/02/29

DOI https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.30.2_43

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In this paper, constitutive relations for expressing the inelastic behavior of sandy ground expected at the time of a strong earthquake are proposed. These constitutive relations are formulated by a yield function in terms of effective stress ratio and by a plastic potential function which is derived from the stress ratio-plastic strain incremental ratio defined as a function of accumulated volumetric strain. These constitutive relations employ Sekiguchi and Ohta's stress parameter to take account of the effects of rotation of principal stress axis on the deformation characteristics of sand. The Masing rule is modified in such a way that it can be used in the multi-dimensional stress field, and employed in the hardening function in order to express a hysteretic damping. Material constants contained in the proposed constitutive relations can be easily determined by the mechanical tests which are normally conducted in laboratory. The comparison between predicted behaviors by the constitutive relations and results of undrained cyclic shear tests shows that the dynamic strength-deformation characteristics of sand in a wide range of density can be simulated satisfactorily.
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Polyacetylene Compounds from Atractylodes Rhizome

鹿野美弘, 櫻井徹朗, 小松健一, 山田浩之, 斉藤謙一

Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin
1990年 38 巻 4 号 1082-1083
発行日: 1990/04/25
公開日: 2008/03/31

DOI https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.38.1082

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Two new polyacetylene compounds (4
E
,
6
E
, 12
E
)-
1
-acetoxy-
3
-isovaleryloxytetradeca-4,
6
, 12-trien-
8
, 10-diyn-14-ol (
B
), and (4
E
,
6
E
, 12
E
)-
1
-acetoxy-
3
-(2-methylbutyryloxy)tetradeca-4,
6
, 12-trien-
8
, 10-diyn-14-ol (C) have been isolated along with (4
E
,
6
E
, 12
E
)-
1
-acetoxy-
3
-senecioyloxytetradeca-4,
6
, 12-trien-
8
, 10-diyn-14-ol (A) from Atractylodes Rhizome (Karabyakujutu). The structures of these compounds were determined on the basis of their spectral data.
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Effect of Thermomechanical Processing on the Microstructure and Properties of a Low Carbon Copper Bearing Steel

M. K. Banerjee, P. S. Banerjee, S. Datta

ISIJ International
2001年 41 巻 3 号 257-261
発行日: 2001/03/15
公開日: 2007/05/31

DOI https://doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.41.257

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A boron treated copper bearing HSLA steel containing austenite formers like manganese and nickel, somewhat lower in amount than that in HSLA 100 variety of steel is chosen for the study. The role of thermomechanical processing on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the above steel has been investigated. Differential scanning calorimetric study is carried out for understanding the precipitation behaviour of copper in HSLA steel under the influence of boron. The microstructure of the experimental steel is found to consist of laths of martensites and bainite. MA constituents of ribbon like morphology are observed at the lath boundaries. Higher strength properties of the steel are attributed to the presence of finely distributed precipitates of copper and microalloy carbides.
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D
-グルコース誘導体(
3
-置換メチレン-
3
-デオキシ糖)のイオン交換樹脂による環化反応

石戸和雄, 加藤健, 森田豊

YAKUGAKU ZASSHI
1988年 108 巻 1 号 71-76
発行日: 1988/01/25
公開日: 2008/05/30

DOI https://doi.org/10.1248/yakushi1947.108.1_71

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3
-(
E
)-and-(Z)-Cyanomethylene-(
5
a), (
5
b
), p-nitrophenylmethylene (
6
a), (
6
b
), p-methoxyphenylmethylene (
7
a), (
7
b
) and phenylmethylene (
8
a), (
8
b
)-
3
-deoxy-
1
, 2;
5
,
6
-di-O-isopropylidene-α-
D
-ribo-hexofuranose were prepared from
1
, 2;
5
,
6
-di-O-isopropylidene-α-
D
-ribo-hexofuranos-
3
-ulose (4) and the corresponding Wittig reagents. In deacetonylations of these
3
-methylene derivatives by ion exchange resin (IR-120
B
),
5
a,
5
b
and
6
a,
6
b
gave rise to intramolecular cyclization products,
3
,
6
-anhydro-
3α
-cyanomethyl-
1
, 2-O-isopropylidene-α-
D
-glucofuranose (
9
) and
3
,
6
-anhydro-
3α
-p-nitrophenylmethyl-
1
, 2-O-isopropylidene-α-
D
-glucofuranose (11), respectively. While,
7
a,
7
b
and
8
a,
8
b
gave rise to the corresponding diol :
3
-(
E
)-and-(Z)-p-methoxyphenylmethylene-
3
-deoxy-
1
, 2-O-isopropylidene-α-
D
-ribo-hexofuranose (12a), (12
b
) and
3
-(
E
)- and-(Z)-phenylmethylene-
3
-deoxy-
1
, 2-O-isopropylidene-α-
D
-ribo-hexofuranose (13a), (13
b
).
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RESPONSE OF A DENSE SAND DEPOSIT DURING 1993 KUSHIR0-0KI EARTHQUAKE

井合進, 森田年一, 亀岡知弘, 松永康男, 安彦和之

土質工学会論文報告集
1995年 35 巻 1 号 115-131
発行日: 1995/03/15
公開日: 2008/02/29

DOI https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.35.115

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In the 1993 Kushiro-oki Earthquake of Richter magnitude
7
.
8
, simultaneous recording of earthquake motions was successfully made at the ground surface and at a depth of 77 meters in a dense saturated sand deposit. The peak horizontal acceleration was 0.47 g on the ground surface and 0.21 g at a depth of 77 meters. The acceleration record at the ground surface showed a distinctive ground response, which consisted of a cyclic motion having a period of about
1
.
5
seconds overlain by a spike at each peak of the motion. In order to study the mechanism of this peculiar ground response, effective stress analysis was conducted on the dense saturated sand deposit. The model used for this study was a strain space multiple mechanism model, which takes into account the effect of principal stress axis rotation. The recorded earthquake motion at a depth of 77 meters was used as the input earthquake motion for the analysis. Sampling after in-situ freezing was done in order to evaluate the properties of the sand. The results of the analysis indicated that the observed ground response was due to the effect of dilatancy of sand, which plays a significant role in the response of the dense saturated sand deposits during strong earthquake motions.
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顎関節症における関節円板のMRIによる検討

関節円板の前方転位の程度と復位および臨床所見との関係

松木宏真, 尾崎登喜雄

日本口腔外科学会雑誌
1999年 45 巻 4 号 241-251
発行日: 1999/04/20
公開日: 2011/07/25

DOI https://doi.org/10.5794/jjoms.45.241

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To determine the position of the anteriorly displaced articular disc, we examined temporomandibular joints by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 54 patients with unilateral temporomandibular joint dysfunction. MRI was done before conservative therapy in the occlusal and maximal open-mouth position. We drew a straight line connecting the lowest point of the articular eminence (point A) and the highest point of the external acoustic pore (point
E
) by tracing the sagittal view on MRI. On the standard A-
E
line, points
B
', C', and
D
' were sought by dropping perpendicular lines from the deepest point of the glenoid fossa (point
B
), the highest point of the condylar head (point C), and the most posterior point of the articular disc (point
D
). We then determined the sagittal position of the articular disc in the glenoid fossa by measuring the distances
AD
' and C'
D
' and sought the correlation between these distances and clinical findings. The results were as follows.
1
. The distance
AD
' in 33 patients with MRI-defined irreversible displacement of the disc was shorter than that in 10 patients with reversible displacement (
3
.
7
±
1
.
9
mm vs
6
.
8
±2.0mm, p<0.0001). In contrast, the distance C'
D
' in the former was longer than that in the latter (
6
.0±
1
.
7
mm vs
3
.4±
1
.
5
mm, P<0.0001). Of 29 discs displaced anteriorly less than
5
mm in distance C'
D
', 19 (66%) had reversible or no displacement. However, 23 (92%) of 25 discs displaced more than
5
mm in distance C'
D
' had irreversible displacement. 2. Disc deformity and abnormal signal intensity bands in the condylar head closely correlated with distances
AD
' and C'
D
'. In 17 patients without disc deformity, mean
AD
' and C'
D
' distances were
9
.
8
± 2.
7
mm and 0.2± 2.
8
mm, respectively. In 19 and 18 patients with mild to moderate and severe deformity, the mean
AD
'(C'
D
') distances were
5
.4±
1
.
8
mm (4.
5
±
1
.
6
mm) and 2.
7
±
1
.
8
mm (
6
.
8
±
1
.
5
mm), respectively.
3
. Although distance
AD
' and C'
D
' did not correlate with clinical symptoms, the degree of anterior disc displacement correlated with the therapeutic effect of conservative therapy. The mean
AD
' distance (
7
.
3
±
3
.
7
mm) in 15 patients with a complete response to conservative therapy was longer than that (
3
.4±
1
.4mm) in
5
patients with no improvement. These results indicate that the sagittal position of the articular disc can be determined by MRI and that successful conservative therapy is unlikely if anterior disc displacement extends beyond
5
mm from the top of the condylar head, often resulting in irreversible displacement.
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