The paper examines how well standard sources of impact sounds(bang-machine, A-ball, NF-ball, new rubber ball)imitate real impact sounds(human jumping and hopping).The compared sounds were described from psychoacoustic point of view.At the same time similarities between the impact sounds were judged in the psychoacoustic experiment.Results were compared with the existing standards expressed in - and S-maximum sound levels:LA max,

F

, L_{A max, S} and sound exposure level L_AE.

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We screened the differentiation-inducing activities of 39 mushroom extracts from Akita prefecture, Japan, on the mouse osteoblastic cell line, MC3T3-. Sixteen phosphate buffered saline (PBS), 8 boiled PBS, 14 ethanol and 12 methanol extracts induced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities, an indicator of MC3T3- cell differentiation. The enzyme activities were markedly induced by extracts of Tricholoma auratum, and we isolated the active compound from methanol extracts of this mushroom. Physical data for the isolated active compound were identical to those for (,24R)-ergosta-,-diene-3β,,6β-triol (). induced ALP activities of MC3T3- cells and promoted cell proliferation. To investigate the relationships between the chemical structure and differentiation-inducing activity of the compound, ALP-inducing activities of MC3T3- cells by , ergosterol (2), ergocalciferol (3), cholesta-3β,,6β-triol (4), -dehydrocholesterol () and cholecalciferol (6) were tested. The enzyme activities of MC3T3- cells were increased 3.0-fold by 10 μM and 2.4-fold by 10 μM 4. However, 2, 3, and 6 did not induce MC3T3- cell ALP activity at 0.—10 μM. These results suggested that the OH groups at C- and/or C-6 of and 4 played an important role in their differentiation-inducing activities on MC3T3- cells. Furthermore, suppressed induction of MC3T3- cell apoptosis by serum starvation.

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The ability of Climacodon septentrionalis to immobilize and kill a mycophagous nematode (Aphelenchoides sp.) in vitro is described for the first time. Two isolates produced droplets (20–45 μm in diameter) that formed at the apices of tall, stalked, and branching secretory cells (700–

,500 μm tall). On 2% modified malt extract agar, nematodes became enveloped in the droplets, which restricted their ability to move and resulted in complete immobilization and death within several hours of contact. The rate of decomposition of the nematodes varied considerably, with most individuals persisting for weeks whereas others were degraded within several days and appeared to be colonized by dense hyphal growth. This study provides the first documentation of a non-agaricoid fungus producing secretory cells that are able to immobilize nematodes.

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A full account is given of the chemical behavior observed for , -dialkyladeninium salts (16). On treatment with boiling N aqueous NaOH for 60min, 16a, b, d, (X=I), 16c (X=Br), and 16 (X=ClO₄) rearranged to isomeric N⁶, -dialkyladenines (21a-) in 50-91% yields. Treatment of the salts with 0.N aqueous Na₂CO₃ at room temperature for 30-90min or with Amberlite CG-400 (OH^-) in H₂O at room temperature gave the ring-opened derivatives a- (in the trans-formamide form) in 56-83% yields, and rate constants for the ring-opening reactions of 16a, b, d-g (X=ClO₄) and 16c (X=Br) leading to a-g were determined in H₂O at pH . and ionic strength 0.50 at 25°C. Cyclization of a with NaH in AcNMe₂ at room temperature or with boiling N aqueous NaOH produced 21a in % or 72% yield, respectively.In solution, the trans-formamides seemed to transform slowly into the cis-formamides 23, attaining equilibria. The existence of such an equilibrium in D₂O or Me₂SO-d₆ at 25°C or in H₂O at pH . and ionic strength 0.50 at 25°C was kinetically confirmed in the case of a, and the mechanism of the rearrangement of 16 to 21 through is discussed on the basis of the above kinetic results and Deslongchamps' theory of stereoelectronic control. On treatment with NaBH₄ in MeOH at room temperature, 16a (X=I) furnished the , 8-dihydro derivative 28 (% yield), which slowly decomposed in H₂O at 60°C to give a in 49% yield.The , -dialkyladeninium salts (16) were found to be obtainable from N'-alkoxy--alkyl--formamidoimidazole-4-carboxamidines () through an alternative synthetic route : Alkylations of with alkyl halides in HCONMe₂ in the absence of base, followed by hydrogenolysis of the N'-alkoxy group and cyclizatio (or vice versa) produced 16 in acceptable yields. In order to interpret the proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of a, the 2-deuterated species 26 was also synthesized from 24 via 25 and 27.

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There has been strong demand for enhancement techniques of single-phase forced convection heat transfer because of its wide area of application on the one side and because of inferior heat-transfer capability, when compared with phase change heat transfer such as boiling and condensation, on the other side. The enhancement techniques are indispensable when gases are used as heat-transfer media. In this article the basic principles of enhancement of single-phase forced convection heat transfer are described in the first place. Three principal techniques currently employed, i..,(a) interrupted fins, (b) twisted tapes, and (c) turbulence promoters, are introduced. Mechanisms of heat-tansfer enhancement and the state-of-the art review on the R&D are presented for these techniques. In addition to these, supplementary remarks are given on techniques utilizing multiphase flow and electrostatic field.

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Four new sterols, , 6α-epoxy-(, 24R)-ergosta-8(14), -diene-3β, -diol (), (, 24R)-ergosta-8, -diene-3β, , 6β, -tetrol (2), (, 24R)-ergosta-, (11), -triene-3β, , 6β-triol (3) and 3β, , 6β-trihydroxy-(, 24R)-ergost--en--one (4), have been isolated from the fruit bodies of Grifola frondosa (FR.) S. . GRAY (Polyporaceae)together with fourteen known ones (-18), of which two ( and 6) are reported for the first time from a natural source. The structures of these compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectral data.

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The title compound, bearing a twenty-membered ring, was synthesized by macrolactonization of a hydroxy carboxylic acid. The structure was investigated by X-ray crystallography. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P2₁/c. In the crystal, two remarkable kinds of interactions between two ester groups and between two arylacetylene moieties were detected.

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We have discussed the resolution of submicron photoluminescence (PL) imaging using a solid immersion lens (SIL), which collects an evanescent light field. We apply the SIL microscope to measure PL image of a strip-line-patterned GaAs quantum well structure at low temperature. An improved resolution beyond diffraction limit and high collection efficiency of PL are realized.

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The doping of a two-orbital chain with mobile S=/2 fermions and strong Hund's rule couplings stabilizing the S= spins strongly depends on the presence of a level difference among these orbitals. Using density matrix renormalization group (DMRG) methods, we find a finite spin gap upon doping and dominant pairing correlations without level difference, whereas the presence of a level difference leads to dominant charge density wave (CDW) correlations with gapless spin-excitations. The string correlation function also shows qualitative differences between the two models.

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A disconnection transition is aphase transition which accompanies a change in the connectedness ofthe fermi sea. The existence of such a transition is established in thecontext of a one-dimensional interacting model. The model considered is an extension of the deltafunction bose gas in which its fourth order conservation law is addedto the original hamiltonian. For low density, the ground state of themodel consists of two separated fermi seas and there are two distinctbranches of excitations. At a critical density, one branch ofexcitations disappears, and there is a second order phase transition toa single fermi sea ground state.

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We have performed a large scale quantum Monte Carlo study of the quantum phase transition in a planar spin-/2 Heisenberg antiferromagnet with structure. We obtain a dynamical exponent z=.018±0.02, consistent with Lorentz invariance. The critical exponents β, ν and η agree within our errors with the classical 3D O(3) exponents, expected from mapping to the nonlinear sigma model.

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We report the current-voltage characteristics of a single-electron circuit, in which the Coulomb island of a single-electron transistor is connected to the source electrode of another transistor.The Josephson-like current of one of the transistors was tuned by adjusting the gate voltage of the other, reflecting the uncertainty relation between the phase difference and the particle number. We found that the “parity effect” or “even-odd asymmetry” was also affected by the gate voltage of the other transistor. A possible explanation for this asymmetry-tuning is presented.

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To elucidate the effect of citric acid on the stability of dissolved ozone, half-lives of ozone in a citric acid solution was investigated. Prolongation of the half-life of ozone was clearly shown in the presence of citric acid in ozonized water. In the presence of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), the half-life of ozone was decreased. The addition of various concentrations of citric acid to the EDTA solution, however, reversed the half-life in a concentration-dependent manner. These indicate that citric acid suppresses ozone self-decomposition in water. A citric acid-mediated suppression mechanism of ozone self-decomposition involving hydroxy radical (HO•) was proposed as follows: HO• formed by the radical chain reaction process of ozone is scavenged by a way of abstracting the hydrogen atom bound to a carbon atom located α-position of a carbonyl group. The radical chain reaction of ozone is, thus, suppressed. These findings demonstrate that the addition of citric acid to ozonized water is useful for the stabilization of ozone. This ability may contribute to the application of ozone sterilization in food production processes.

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Vertical transport in GaAs/AlGaAs superlatticeshas been studied in the quantum Hall regime.Both the in-plane and out-of-plane resistances exhibit an Arrhenius-type temperature dependencewith small values of activation energy.At very low temperatures, the out-of-plane conductancebecomes almost temperature independentand its values scale with the sample perimeter, indicating that the current is carriedby the chiral surface states.The vertical transport in this regime exhibitsdistinct non-Ohmicity, suggestingthe onset of bulk transport at high bias voltages.Rather strong non-Ohmicity is also observedin the low bias voltage region where the chiral surface state is responsiblefor the vertical transport.

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Buoyancy-contributing turbulence is investigated from a viewpoint of the turbulence modellingwith an aid of a two-scale direct-interaction approximation (TSDIA). Applying the spectralinertial-range form to the second-order analysis of the TSDIA, the ensemble-meanrepresentations for the Reynolds stress, the heat flux, and model equations for theturbulent-energy and thermal-intensity dissipation rates are derived and discussed in detail.

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Buoyancy-driven turbulent flows are analyzed theoretically with the aid of a two-scaledirect-interaction approximation. Special attention is paid to buoyancy effects on the spectra of theturbulent energy and thermal intensity in unstable stratified flows. Both the spectra in the buoyancy subrange are shown to be proportional to k^-3, which is in agreement with theexperimental results (k is the wavenumber.).

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Homogeneous turbulent flow with no mean velocity in arotating frame is analyzed using a two-scale direct-interactionapproximation to investigate the system-rotation effecttheoretically. On this basis, the system-rotation effect on the energyspectrum is discussed, and a model equation for the energy dissipationrate subject to the combined effects of unstationarity and systemrotation is derived. The latter is tested using experimental anddirect-numerical-simulation results and is shown to be in goodagreement with them.

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