Two new partially saturated tricyclic ring systems, , a, , , , 10, 10a, 11-octahydro-11-oxodibenz [, ] oxepins (a and ), and -thiepins (4a and 4) were synthesized. Compounds 4a and 4 were desulfurized to give a pair of isomeric -methylbenzoylcyclohexanes (10a and 10). Deuterated 4a and 4 (11a and 11) were prepared starting from butadiene- (12). The stereochemical features of a (trans), (cis), 4a (trans) and 4 (cis) are compared with those of 10a, 10, 11a and 11 on the basis of proton nuclear magnetic resonance data.

抄録全体を表示

11-Amino-, a, , , , 10, 10a, 11-octahydrodibebenzo[, ]thiepines (a-) and -oxepines (a-) were synthesized by the Leuckart reaction of , a, , , , 10, 10a, 11-octahydro-11-oxodibenzo[, ]thiepines (1a, )and -oxepines (a, ) followed by hydrolysis of the reaction products 4a- and a-, respectively. The four diastereomers, cis(a-H, 10a-H)-cis(10a-H, 11-H) a and a, cis(a-H, 10a-H)-trans(10a-H, 11-H) and , trans(a-H, 10a-H)-trans(10a-H, 11a-H)c and c, and trans(a-H, 10a-H)-cis(10a-H, 11-H) and , were isolated and their configurations and conformations were elucidated by chemical methods together with ¹H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic and X-ray crystallographic analyses.

抄録全体を表示

One method currently being considered for the disposal of high level radio-active waste is burial in the seabed. When a hot object is buried in soil, the temperature of the soil adjacent to the object is raised and there is transient heat flow away from the object. The rise in the temperature of the soil causes excess pore pressures to be generated and transient pore water diffusion also takes place. A finite element formulation of the coupled heat flow and consolidation problem is presented. The computer implementation of this formulation is found to compare favourably with analytical solutions based on the same physical principles.

抄録全体を表示

From the fronds of Polystichum tripteron (KUNZE) P_R. a new norcarotenoid glycoside was isolated and shown to be (R, , R)--hydroxy-megastigma-4, -dien--one--O-β--glucoside. The fronds of Dennstaedtia wilfordii (MOORE) CHRIST. contain the same glucoside.

抄録全体を表示

(,)-,-エポキシ-,,11,11-テトラメチルシクロウンデカ-,-ジエン()をフムレン1((,,)-,,11,11-テトラメチルシクロウンデカ-,,-トリエン)より合成する既知の合成法は実際に牧率が低く合成的に問題がある.さらに,の合成はその反応性や物性の研究のために簡単に高牧率で行われることが望まれる.今回,の新たな合成法と簡便な精製法を見いだし,を高牧率で1から合成することができたので報告する.1のジエポキシ化,続く再結晶により得られたジエポキシド()は二価のチタンにより還元されて,1(273%)と(25%)と少量のを含むを主生成物(42.%)として与えた.1とは原料として再利用できる.の精製は1と同様硝酸銀()錯体の結晶で行い,純粋なは1から通算牧率32.0%で得られた.の既知方法による合成は4段階の反応と数回のカラム分離及び10%含浸シリカゲルカラム分離を必要とし牧率が極端に低い.今回,新しいの合成法は段階の反応で1回のカラム分離と再結晶により高い通算牧率を示す.

抄録全体を表示

This paper concerns the stability against overturning of the caissons on rubble mound subjected to wave loading. A theoretical discussion is first made of the stability of a leaning caisson during wave loading, as a single degree-of-freedom system. The expression for the lower bound of driving moments sufficient to overturn a given caisson is derived. A review is then made of the damages induced to a composite breakwater, which consisted of two adjoining Stretches and C with slightly different sizes of caissons. Attention is called for the observation that most of the caissons in Stretch were overturned, whereas no caissons in Stretch C were brought into overturning. This fact is examined in detail in the light of the theory of overturning, making it possible to estimate the destructive wave heights that are compatible with the observed patterns of damage in Stretches and C of the composite breakwater.

抄録全体を表示

カンキツ主要12種を用いて染色体のクロモマイシン (CMA) 染色を行った．染色体は CMA(+) バンドの有無および位置から 種類に区分できた．すなわち，CMA(+) を A: 両端および動原体近傍に有する，: 一方の端部と動原体近傍に有する，C: 両端に有する，: 一方の端部に有する，: CMA(+) がない，: 動原体近傍に有する，Dst: 付随染色体を有する 型，である．各種はこれらのうち ～ 種類の染色体を有し，独自の CMA バンドパターンを示した．C. medica では + + ，C. limon では 1 + 1C + + ，C. aurantifolia では + + ，C. aurantium では 1A + 1 + 1C + + ，C. sinensis では + C + + ，C. maxima では A + C + 4 + ，C. paradisi では A + C + + ，C. ichangensis では + C + 12 + ，C. latipes では A + C + + ，C. micrantha では 1 + 11 + 4 + Dst，C. macroptera では + 1C + 11 + + 1，C. hystrix では + 1C + + + + 1Dst であった．

抄録全体を表示

In the 1993 Kushiro-oki Earthquake of Richter magnitude ., simultaneous recording of earthquake motions was successfully made at the ground surface and at a depth of 77 meters in a dense saturated sand deposit. The peak horizontal acceleration was 0.47 g on the ground surface and 0.21 g at a depth of 77 meters. The acceleration record at the ground surface showed a distinctive ground response, which consisted of a cyclic motion having a period of about 1. seconds overlain by a spike at each peak of the motion. In order to study the mechanism of this peculiar ground response, effective stress analysis was conducted on the dense saturated sand deposit. The model used for this study was a strain space multiple mechanism model, which takes into account the effect of principal stress axis rotation. The recorded earthquake motion at a depth of 77 meters was used as the input earthquake motion for the analysis. Sampling after in-situ freezing was done in order to evaluate the properties of the sand. The results of the analysis indicated that the observed ground response was due to the effect of dilatancy of sand, which plays a significant role in the response of the dense saturated sand deposits during strong earthquake motions.

抄録全体を表示

Stereoselective synthesis of , - and , Z-β-ionylideneacetaldehydes was accomplished from the β-ionone tricarbonyl iron complex, and the latter was converted to Z-retinoic acid.

抄録全体を表示

Activity-directed isolation of the ethyl acetate, methylene chloride and n-hexane fractions of Gloiopeltis furcata resulted in the isolation of 18 compounds. Their structures were elucidated as -(-hydroxy--oxotetrahydrofuran--yl)acetic acid (1), glutaric acid (), succinic acid (), nicotinic acid (4), ()-4-hydroxyhex--enoic acid (), cholesterol (), -hydroxycholesterol (), uridine (), glycerol (), -(hydroxymethyl)--methoxybenzene-1,-diol (10), (,)--oxodeca-,-dienoic acid (11), (Z)--ethylidene-4-methylpyrrolidine-,-dione (12), dehydrovomifoliol (13), loliolide (14), cholesteryl stearate (15), palmitic acid (16), cis-,,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid (17) and α-linolenic acid (18) on the basis of spectroscopic and chemical evidences. Their anticholinesterase and antioxidant activities were evaluated via inhibitory activities on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) as well as scavenging activities on 1,1-diphenyl--picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and peroxynitrite (ONOO⁻). All isolated compounds (1—18) exhibited moderate AChE inhibitory activities with IC₅₀ values ranging from 1.14—12.50 μg/ml, whereas 1, , , 17, and 18 showed mild BChE inhibitory activities with IC₅₀ values ranging from .57—15. μg/ml. Although most of the compounds isolated were lacking the scavenging activity on DPPH radical and ONOO⁻, and 10 showed good DPPH radical scavenging activity, and , 10, and 16 showed potent ONOO⁻ scavenging activity.

抄録全体を表示

The behavior of the soft clay grounds subjected to repeated loading is different from that subjected to sustained loading. The difference in settlement between these two loading patterns should be due to secondary compression over a long period of time. Consequently, soft clay grounds subjected to repeated loading tend to be more compressible than those subjected to sustained loading. Therefore, it is necessary for engineers to predict post-construction settlements under repeated loading. In this respect, the preloading is considered to be promising as a countermeasure to reduce the settlement of clay under repeated loading as well as under sustained loading. The effect of preloading on post-construction consolidation settlement of soft clay subjected to repeated loading after removal of a part of preload is investigated in the present paper. It has become clear that the settlement of a clay sample after preconsolidation is mainly affected by the amount of preload, the degree of consolidation due to the preload, the amount of permanent load and the amount of repeated load after removal of preload. The calculated settlement versus time relations using a method to estimate the amount of consolidation settlement of soft clay grounds subjected to repeated loading after removal of preloading were compared with the observed degree of consolidation as parameters of the intensities of preload and repeated load.

抄録全体を表示

An empirical equation in use for estimating the pseudo-elastic shear modulus, G_f, of subsoil, associated with shear strains less than 0.001% is proposed in this paper. In a series of in-situ seismic cone tests performed nationwide, the profiles of both G_f and the in-situ void ratio, , with depth were successfully characterised at five sites, each comprising a soft clay layer deposited in the Holocene era. The database which comprised the original data from the field and laboratory tests, coupled with similar information on well-documented Holocene clay deposits in Europe, was statistically analyzed in attempts to determine a generalised relationship with which G_f of soft clay may be reasonably estimated only from routinely available borehole data; that is and the current geostatic effective overburden pressure, σ'_v. An empirical relationship, G_f=, 000 -√(σ'_v) (kPa), was derived from the statistical analysis applied to data from seven different clays worldwide, for which extended over a range between 1 and , and the overconsolidation ratio ranged roughly between 1 and . The applicability of the proposed relationship was evaluated for two case records, each in which the clay exhibited unusual behavior; i.., the undrained shear strength remained more or less constant with depth due to the existence of artesian pressure at one site, and, at the other, G_f decreased, whereas increased, with depth. It was demonstrated that even in these clay deposits exhibiting exceptional profiles, the proposed relationship was capable of predicting G_f with a reasonable accuracy by determining the profiles of and σ'_v with depth. In addition, the prediction when compared to G_max from carefully performed laboratory cyclic tests, yielded a better estimate of G_f from the in-situ seismic survey. Despite the fact that the empirical relationship was initially designated to estimate G_f of soft clays, it may be equally applicable to sandy deposits. This was verified by comparing it to similar, and well-established, relationships developed for sands. A case record as such is also described for a loose sand deposit at Higashi-Ohgishima in Tokyo Bay which was placed in 1960's by land reclamation.

抄録全体を表示

Natural sedimentary clays exhibit ageing effects on their behaviour when subjected to both consolidation and shearing. Attempts to characterising the in-situ 'structure'of soft marine clays have been made in case studies performed in Ariake (Japan) and in Bangkok (Thailand), each showing a typical profile of aged clay-structure with depth reflecting its site-specific geological consolidation history. In each site, profiles of Atterberg limits, natural water content, overconsolidation ratio (OCR), quasi-elastic shear modulus G_max and the undrained shear strength c_u with depth were attained from various laboratory tests, together with the a comparable profile of quasi-elastic shear modulus from insitu seismic survey G_f. Quantitative assessment of the aged clay-structure was made by using two different measures, metastability index MI (G) and the soil constant reflecting structure S (Jamiolkowski et al., 1994). The profiles of MI (G) and the S-value with depth were both determined based on the corresponding G_max behaviour of the reconstituted sample. "Disturbance"of laboratory samples retrieved by using two different samplers (i.., Laval and Japanese thin-walled samplers) with two different sampling techniques (i.., pre-boring and displacement methods) was discussed. A new approach to estimate c_u"in the ground", termed by the authors the MILK (Metastability Index coupled with Laboratory K_o test) method, is proposed. A trial of the MILK-method is demonstrated in soft Bangkok clay, the texture of which is similar to "soft cheese".

抄録全体を表示

Among the rivers damaged by the earthquake, two most severely damaged along the Yodo-gawa River are described. In the left levee, the settlement exceeded m for a length of 1.4 km, with a maximum settlement of m. Sand boils were observed extensively on the ground surface near the damaged dikes. Holocene sandy soil with an SPT N-value of 10 or less existed in the upper part of the subsoil profile. These facts indicate that liquefaction of the soil was the major cause of the embankment damage. The cyclic stress ratio required to cause liquefaction was 0.30 as determined from cyclic triaxial tests on undisturbed samples.

抄録全体を表示

In this paper, centrifuge shaking table tests were conducted in order to understand the performance of seawalls during a seismic event. The model tests showed that the displacement of the caisson was much affected by the seaward shear deformation of the sand seabed beneath it during shaking. It was also confirmed that an armored embankment played an important role in the displacement of the caisson during shaking. Based on these test results, a two-dimensional DEM-FEM coupled analysis method was newly developed to numerically predict the deformation of seawalls covered with armored embankments during earthquakes. The movements of the armor units were calculated by DE analysis and deformations of the caisson, rubble mound, sand seabed and backfill were calculated by FE analysis considering the non-linearity of the soil materials based on the effective stress. Dynamic interaction was taken into account by delivering the nodal displacements of the finite elements or the nodal forces converted from the contact forces through the imaginary distinct elements defined at the boundaries between the DE and FE domain. The applicability of this method to the prediction of the deformation of seawalls was verified through numerical simulations of the centrifuge model test.

抄録全体を表示

Seismic records obtained from a seismometer array located in downtown Tokyo Japan for about ten years were inversely analyzed to estimate the dynamic soil parameters. Due to the illposed nature of the problem, the simple and often used "least square method" does not properly estimate the parameters. The Extended Bayesian Method combined with the Akaike Bayesian Information Criterion was introduced to overcome this difficulty. The results obtained were compared with dynamic triaxial test results obtained at the time of the seismometer installation. The shear moduli agree quite well with the estimated results, however the damping ratios estimated are slightly higher than the ones obtained in the laboratory.

抄録全体を表示

An improved version of steady state Rayleigh wave method is presented for the determination of shear wave velocity (V_s) Profiles of a horizontally stratified soil deposit. A dispersion curve and particle orbits of Rayleigh waves can readily be determined in the field through measurements of ground motions induced by an exciter using sensors placed on the ground surface. To determine V_s-profile from the dispersion curve, an inverse analysis which can take into account higher modes of Rayleigh waves is presented and used. To increase the effectiveness of the proposed method, desirable distances among the exciter and sensors are indicated, and the measured particle orbits are used to validate the inverted V_s-profile. Comparative field tests are made at two sites using the proposed method and the conventional down hole method. The V_s-profiles from the two methods are in good agreement with each other, indicating the effectiveness of the proposed method.

抄録全体を表示

放牧牛において,prostaglandin ()とestradiol benzoate()の同時筋肉注射による発情同期化効果及び同期化された発情期における受胎性にっいて検討し,次の成績を得た。
1.放牧牛31頭(ホルスタイン種未経産牛)において,黄体期にを筋肉注射(A群15頭)あるいはこれと同時に.mgを筋肉注射(群16頭)した結果,処置後31~時間に発情が発現したものはA群では13頭(86.%),群では15頭(93.%)であり,両群の間には大差がなかった。しかし,発情はA群では処置後37~84時間に13頭 (86.%),群では31~60時間に14頭(87.%)に集中して発現し,の併用によって発情発現までの時間は短縮した。
.排卵は,A群では処置後73~120時間に13頭(86.%),群では61~時間に14頭(87.%)に起こり,の併用によって排卵の時期は処置後早期に,かつ短い時間帯に集中した。
.同期化された発情期に授精したA群の13頭中頭(53.%),群の16頭中頭(56.%)がそれぞれ受胎し,受胎率において両群の間に差異はなかった。
4.以上の成績から,とを同時に併用筋肉注射することは,発情及び排卵の同期化に効果的であることを認めたが,この処置によって同期化された発情期の受胎性については,さらに多数例について検討する必要がある。

抄録全体を表示

This study aimed to determine the prevalence of fecal carriage of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and/or plasmidic AmpC β-lactamase (pAmpC) producing Escherichia coli among dogs (n=428) in Turkey. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing were used to characterize genes encoding β-lactamase and plasmid mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and PCRs for virulence genes and phylogenetic groups were also performed. Cefotaxime resistant

. coli isolates were detected in 95 (.%) of the swab samples. Sequencing analysis results showed occurrence of various β-lactamase genes: bla_CTX-M-15 (62), blaTEM-

1b

(42), blaCMY-

2

(

22

), blaCTX-M-

3

(16), bla_CTX-M-1 (15), bla_OXA-1 (

9

) and bla_SHV-12 (

3

) alone or in combination. The most frequently encountered phylogenetic group was group A₁ (35.

8

%), followed by group

D₂

(

22

.1%),

B

1 (15.

8

%),

D₁

(

9

.

5

%), A₀ (

7

.4%),

B2₂

(

5

.

3

%) and

B2₃

(4.

2

%), respectively. PMQR genes, aac(

6

’)-Ib-cr, qnrS1 and qnrB10 were detected in 25.

3

, 10.

5

and 1.1% of the isolates, respectively. While all isolates were susceptible to imipenem and amikacin, resistance rates to non-β-lactam antibiotics ranged from 20.0% for tobramycin to 56.

8

% for tetracycline. The virulence genes were only detected in 34 (36.

2

%) of the isolates and this isolates carried single or various combination of virulence genes of iucD, papC, papE,

f17a

-A and eaeA. Four isolates were identified as human virulent pandemic CTX-M-15 producing

E

. coli clone O25

b

:ST131/

B

2

. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to show fecal carriage of ESBL/pAmpC type β-lactamase producing

E

. coli isolates among dogs in Turkey.

抄録全体を表示