We screened the differentiation-inducing activities of 39 mushroom extracts from Akita prefecture, Japan, on the mouse osteoblastic cell line, MC3T3-1. Sixteen phosphate buffered saline (PBS), 8 boiled PBS, 14 ethanol and 12 methanol extracts induced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities, an indicator of MC3T3-1 cell differentiation. The enzyme activities were markedly induced by extracts of Tricholoma auratum, and we isolated the active compound from methanol extracts of this mushroom. Physical data for the isolated active compound were identical to those for (,24R)-ergosta-,-diene-3β,,-triol (1). 1 induced ALP activities of MC3T3-1 cells and promoted cell proliferation. To investigate the relationships between the chemical structure and differentiation-inducing activity of the compound, ALP-inducing activities of MC3T3-1 cells by 1, ergosterol (2), ergocalciferol (3), cholesta-3β,,-triol (4), -dehydrocholesterol () and cholecalciferol () were tested. The enzyme activities of MC3T3-1 cells were increased 3.0-fold by 10 μM 1 and 2.4-fold by 10 μM 4. However, 2, 3, and did not induce MC3T3-1 cell ALP activity at 0.1—10 μM. These results suggested that the OH groups at C- and/or C- of 1 and 4 played an important role in their differentiation-inducing activities on MC3T3-1 cells. Furthermore, 1 suppressed induction of MC3T3-1 cell apoptosis by serum starvation.

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百歳以上高齢者32名を非痴呆群と痴呆群に分類し, 等電点イムノブロッティング法によりアポ 表現型を測定した。非痴呆群は21名 (65.%), 痴呆群は11名 (34.4%) で全例アルツハイマー病 () であり, 後者の平均発症年齢は.歳と超高齢であった。アポ表現型は, 痴呆群で3/3 (α%), 3/4 (I1%) のみ出現し, 非痴呆群と比較して有意差が認められず, 百歳以上高齢者においてアポ表現型と発症との間に関連を認めなかった。アポ遺伝子の解析は, ε2, ε4出現の痴呆発症における関与は否定的であり, アポε2が痴呆群で検出されなかった。

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背景と目的：ステロイド性骨粗鬆症は，積極的な治療介入が必要とされる．その第一選択薬はビスホスホネート製剤（以下ビス）であるが，近年，デノスマブ（以下デノス）も注目を浴びている．ステロイド性骨粗鬆症の骨密度に対する両者の効果を比較検討した．

方法：ステロイド性骨粗鬆症の管理と治療ガイドライン：2014年改訂版の薬物療法開始の基準を満たした患者を対象とした．無治療群（N群）と，治療介入群として当初よりビスで治療したBB群，ビス後デノスに変更したBD群，デノスで治療したDD群，デノス後ビスに変更したDB群を抽出し，ステロイド投与を開始した時，ステロイド性骨粗鬆症に対する治療を開始した時または薬剤変更から

カ月後の腰椎，大腿骨頚部と大転子部の骨密度を測定し，それらの変化を統計学的に比較検討した．

結果：149例が抽出され，その内訳は，N群48例，BB群24例，BD群

例，DD群21例，DB群34例であった．治療開始時または薬剤変更からカ月後にBD群を除くすべての治療介入群で腰椎の骨密度が上昇した．大腿骨の骨密度は，BD群において薬剤変更後に上昇に転じた．

考察：デノスにはビスと同様の骨密度上昇効果があると考えられた．

結論：デノスは，ステロイド性骨粗鬆症治療の第一選択薬となり得る．

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Some existing analytical methods which have been used in geotechnical engineering are modified to handle the shear strength reduction with time due to softening in fissured, over-consolidated clays and mudstones. These are limit equilibrium analysis of slope stability, calculation of earth pressure and calculation of stress and displacement around a tunnel. The softening effect is incorporated in these analyses using the failure criterion and the time-dependent strength parameters proposed previously by the authors. Examples are presented which emphasize the importance of appreciating the softening effect in analyses and further illustrate that the effect of shear strength reduction with time due to softening could easily be captured with existing analytical methods.

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The ability of Climacodon septentrionalis to immobilize and kill a mycophagous nematode (Aphelenchoides sp.) in vitro is described for the first time. Two isolates produced droplets (20–45 μm in diameter) that formed at the apices of tall, stalked, and branching secretory cells (700–1,500 μm tall). On 2% modified malt extract agar, nematodes became enveloped in the droplets, which restricted their ability to move and resulted in complete immobilization and death within several hours of contact. The rate of decomposition of the nematodes varied considerably, with most individuals persisting for weeks whereas others were degraded within several days and appeared to be colonized by dense hyphal growth. This study provides the first documentation of a non-agaricoid fungus producing secretory cells that are able to immobilize nematodes.

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The effect of dietary vitamin on ,12-dimethylbenz [α] an thracene-induced mammary carcinogenesis in rats and on the lipid peroxidation due to DMBA was investigated. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were given iv injections of 2 mg of ,12-DMBA at both 56 and 62 days of age. Feeding of control diet (included 20 mg of vitamin per kg) or diet included 235 mg of vitamin per kg (YES-group) was initiated at 2 week before the first carcinogen injection and was terminated at 120 days postcarcinogen. Control rats had % incidence of mammary carcinoma, whereas there was 71% incidence of cancer in YES-groups (P>0.05). Similarly, the average number of cancers per rat was significantly reduced in YES-groups (.2 versus 3.; P<0.01), and latency of cancer appearance was prolonged in comparison to con trols. Serum lipoperoxide level were significantly decreased in YES-groups compared to controls (8.versus 10.26; P<0.05). Serum vitamin leveles were significantly elevated in YES-groups in comparison to controls (1.98 versus 0.; P<0.001). In the groups, in which were switched from control diet to vitamin supplemented diet and vice versa at the time of 84 days of age, there were a % and 89% incidence of mammary cancer and average number of cancer per rat were . and 4. respectively.
The effects of vitamin on lipid peroxidation due to DMBA were studied. It was found that malonaldehyde (MDA), one of the most important products of lipid peroxidation, increased suddenly in the liver, mammary fat pad and serum with the treatment of DMBA. But, excess increase of MDA was significantly suppressed in the rats fed on vitamin diet. Furthermore, temporal depression of serum vitamin was induced by the administration of DMBA in both the control group and high vitamin group, being significantly (P<0.02) marked in a high vitamin group.
It was co ncluded that inhibitory effects of vitamin on DMBA-induced mammary carcinogenesis might be caused by the inhibition of lipid peroxidation with vitamin , and lipid peroxidation might play an important role in DMBA-induced mammary tumorigenesis in rats.

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The design implication of stress-confinement effect of nonwoven geotextile is addressed. The unconfined and confined strengths of a selected needle-punched nonwoven geotextile are used to conduct a comparative design of a granular soil retaining wall based on a limit equilibrium approach. A higher wall may be allowed when considering the confined strength as compared to the unconfined strength. For a selected wall height, confined strength allows for fewer geotextile layers when compared to that designed using unconfined strength. It is recommended that stress-confinement test procedure should be standardized so that confinement effect of some nonwoven geotextiles may be incorporated into an individual wall design procedure.

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Reaction of methyl isocyanoacetate with aldehydes (RCHO) in the presence of 1mol% of gold(I) catalyst prepared in situ by mixing bis(cyclohexyl isocyanide)gold(I) tetrafluoroborate and (R)-N-methyl-N-[2-(dialkylamino)ethyl]-1-[(S)-1',2-bis(diphenyl-phosphino)ferrocenyl]ethylamine in dichloromethane at 25℃ for 20-40h gave optically active 4-methoxycarbonyl--alkyl-2-oxazolines (1) with high enantio- and diastereoselectivity in a quantitative yield. The ratios of trans-1/cis-1 and enantiomeric purities of trans-1 are as follows: RCHO=PhCHO; 89/11, % ee (4S,R). ()-n-PrCH=CHCHO; 80/20, % ee. ()-MeCH=CMeCHO; 91/, 95% ee. MeCHO; 84/16, 72% ee (4S,R). i-PrCHO; 98/2, 92% ee. c-HexCHO; /3, 90% ee. t-BuCHO; 100/0, % ee. The oxazolines 1 were converted readily into optically active β-hydroxyamino acids and their derivatives.

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It has been shown after mathematical and mechanical investigation that Limit Equilibrium Method (LEM) can be considered as a method to obtain the necessary condition of Slip Line Method (SLM), and that the solution can be obtained under the condition that F_s=1 and ∂F_s/∂θ=O, where F_s is the safety factor and θ is the inclination of the plane on which the safety factor is defined. Next, the generalized LEM (GLEM) is proposed, dealing with the following points : (1) Triangular or quadrangular blocks can be treated; (2) Safety factors are defined also on interblock planes; and (3) All types of plastic problems, slope stability, bearing capacity, and earth pressure are identically formulated. Two situations regarding treatment of the moment equilibrium condition are discussed. GLEM is applied to well-known problems. The results agree well with those obtained by theoretical methods. GLEM can be used to obtain the distribution of earth pressure or bearing capacity. GLEM, Iike ordinary LEM, is very effective for the practical problems, but GLEM is more theoretical and it can result in more accurate solutions.

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To show that he has no gift for natural science, Socrates successively cites at Phaedo C2-B several cases revealing a way of conceiving aitia. These cases have perplexed commentators and have often been regarded as a confused treatment of problems of a completely different nature (Hack forth, Crombie, Annas, etc.). Rejecting such an interpretation as well as those so far submitted by other scholars(. g. Vlastos, Gallop) , this paper tries to elucidate the continuous sequence of thought presented in this passage as follows: Socrates begins by giving a simple example of the scientist's type of explanation, namely,(1)a human being grows, i. . becomes larger, since eating and drinking cause the appropriate matter to be added to each part of the body(C-D). Now, if this explanation of "becoming larger" in terms of "coming to be added"(προσγιγνεσθαι)is correct, it must be the case, more basically, that "being larger" is due to "being added" (προσειναι) of extra magnitude : (2) one person is larger than another, because an extra length(. g. of a head)is added(D8-1), and(3)ten is greater than eight because of an extra two being added(2-3). However, Socrates could not accept these explanations, nor could he even accept (4) the simplest explanation that the aitia of things' becoming two is the addition or propinquity of one to one(or, for that matter, division of one) (-B3), and thus finally he abandoned such a method of investigating aitiai(B-). Thus we can see that Socrates(Plato) is examining the conception of aitia stated in(1) , simply by shifting to more and more basic levels of thought, (2) (3) and(4), without the slightest "confusion" alleged by critics. All these "puzzles" are resolved seriatim by applying the theory of Forms to each(100B-101D). However, various objections to this method have been raised by scholars : the theory is wholly uninformative(Shorey, Vlastos, Crombie, Gallop) ; contrary to our expectation of an explanation of the coming-to-be of concrete things rather than the acquisition of attribures by already existing things, we actually find that the theory is concerned only with the latter(Hack forth, Gallop). Defending the theory of Forms against these and other objections, the present writer argues why only Forms should have the full status of aitiai of "being", and that the theory thereby offers a firm foundation for a correct understanding of the problem of "coming-to-be", even though the theory is not a wholly adequate explanation for the alteration implied in the concept of becoming, as Aristotle pointed out(De Gen. et Corr. B, Metaph. A). While it admittedly leaves several points for future discussions including the point cited above, the Phaedo passage of 95 through 101D can and must be regarded as laying a solid foundation for Plato's later natural philosophy and cosmology as fully developed in the Timaeus and Laws Book X, which, with Psyche(the source of all motion and alteration in the universe)and Forms(the principle of(meaning) and(value) )as its most basic factors, undoubtedly incorporates a view of nature that we need today.

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