Using the so-called pseudo-static method, a stability analysis was made for the mountain slide that took place at Mitake-iriya village at the time of the Izu-Ohshima-Kinkai earthquake of January 14, 1978. Undisturbed samples of volcanic clay were obtained in blocks from the exposed surface of the deposit identified to have been the sliding surface. The partially saturated clay samples were tested under consolidated undrained conditions using the triaxial test equipment. Dynamic axial stresses with irregular time histories were applied to the specimens in combination with statically sustained axial stresses to determine the soil strength under the conditions simulating in-situ states of stress during the earthquake. The results of the tests were expressed in terms of the Mohr-Coulomb type failure criterion which showed that, while the angle of internal friction remained almost unchanged, the cohesion component in irregular loading increased above values obtained in the static loading. Using the strength parameters thus determined, a pseudo-static analysis was made to check the stability of the soil masses that had actually slid during the 1978 earthquake. The maximum horizontal acceleration required to cause the slide was computed. The computed accelerations were shown to cover a range between 400 and 500 gals which is consistent with the range estimated by other investigators on the basis of overturning of tombstones in the vicinity of the slide area.

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Using two direct introduction methods, DNA synthesis or cell proliferation activities of three purified proteins from . coli, namely, human papillomavirus (HPV) proteins of type 16, a mutant type 16 (24 C-G) (transformation defective) and type , were measured in mouse fibroblast, C127 cells. By a microinjection method, the order of the cell mitotic indexes for the three proteins as determined by 5-bromo-2'-deoxy-uridine (BrdU) staining was type 16, and 16 (24 C-G). By the osmotic shock method, the ³H-TdR incorporation and coloration by (3-carboxymethoxy phenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetolazorium (MTS) for the three proteins correlated with the pRb binding and focus forming activities previously reported (hunger et al. 1991). These results indicate that the simple osmotic shock method for direct protein introduction may be generally useful for transformation assays of oncoproteins.

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When a mudflow moves down a slope, the gravity induced shear stress, τ, is opposed by the combined effect of the undrained shear strength, c_u, of the mud, and its viscosity, η, which is associated with the velocity gradient in the mudflow, dv/dy. In equation form this can be expressed as : τ= c_u+η(dv/dy). The resistance provided by the mud involves the contribution of both c_u and η. For an understanding of the mobilization mechanics of mudflows, one needs then these two parameters. This study describes two methods that can be used to determine these parameters. The c_u of the muds is measured using a cylinder-strength meter devise. The technique associated with this devise consists in lowering a cylinder of known dimension and weight into a mud sample, measuring the depth of penetration of the cylinder into the mud, and calculating the strength, c_u, of the mud required to support the solid cylinder at that depth. The c_u of the mud is calculated using Sokolovski's theory designed to calculate the indentation pressures developed by a Tresca plastic when a cylinder penetrates it. The determination of the viscosity, η, of the mud is obtained from either the velocity measurements of the free surface of the mudflow, or from the difference between the velocity of the free surface of the mudflow and its velocity at the interface between the mudflow and the surface on which it moves. The viscosity η is obtained from a relationship that relates these velocities with η.

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Based on the assumption that an inward- or outward-directed flow perpendicular to a slope exists, this paper describes an experiment and test results. The results are compared with both traditional continuum and single-grain theories presented for the relationship between hydraulic gradient and slope angle. For the case of outward flow, the continuum theory governs the failure mechanism of the Shirasu talus deposit. The single-grain theory controls the failure process for inward flow.

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We screened the differentiation-inducing activities of 39 mushroom extracts from Akita prefecture, Japan, on the mouse osteoblastic cell line, MC3T3-1. Sixteen phosphate buffered saline (PBS), 8 boiled PBS, 14 ethanol and 12 methanol extracts induced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities, an indicator of MC3T3-1 cell differentiation. The enzyme activities were markedly induced by extracts of Tricholoma auratum, and we isolated the active compound from methanol extracts of this mushroom. Physical data for the isolated active compound were identical to those for (,24R)-ergosta-,-diene-3β,5α,-triol (1). 1 induced ALP activities of MC3T3-1 cells and promoted cell proliferation. To investigate the relationships between the chemical structure and differentiation-inducing activity of the compound, ALP-inducing activities of MC3T3-1 cells by 1, ergosterol (2), ergocalciferol (3), cholesta-3β,5α,-triol (4), -dehydrocholesterol (5) and cholecalciferol () were tested. The enzyme activities of MC3T3-1 cells were increased 3.0-fold by 10 μM 1 and 2.4-fold by 10 μM 4. However, 2, 3, 5 and did not induce MC3T3-1 cell ALP activity at 0.1—10 μM. These results suggested that the OH groups at C-5 and/or C- of 1 and 4 played an important role in their differentiation-inducing activities on MC3T3-1 cells. Furthermore, 1 suppressed induction of MC3T3-1 cell apoptosis by serum starvation.

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Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) represent a family of diverse DNA viruses consisting of more than 100 types and have been extensively studied as an etiological factor in benign and malignant tumors. In malignant epithelial lesions, the mechanism by which two and proteins of the high risk HPV types, HPV 16 and 18 interact with cellular factors in deregulating the normal growth of the cells, has been well described by many authors. The and proteins are consistently expressed in HPV-associated malignant tumor and binding to the p53 gene mediated by the -associated protein ligase turned out to be important. In contrast important function of was demonstrated by its binding to pRb and Rb-related proteins. The bindings under phosphorylation of these proteins was degradated by ubiquination and transcription factors of the 2F regulated cell proliferation. Overall HPV 16 DNA is able to induced modifications in the host cells and immortalizing epithelial cells by stimulating human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) protein. High risk proteins directly interacts with c-myc and c-myc/ complex activates hTERT protein expression.
The various methods for detection or cloning of HPV DNA are summarized in this manuscript. PCR method has been become an established technique for detecting a large number of HPV DNAs. In particular PCR-RFLP is a simple and useful method for identifying the specific HPV types. However many modifications of the methods have been developed. Recently clinical trials are being conducted to test the preventive efficacy of HPV vaccines, directed against HPV 16 and 18 in Japan. In the future the therapeutic efficacy of HPV vaccines are required to prevent cervical cancer and other HPV associated cutaneous carcinomas.

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背景と目的：ステロイド性骨粗鬆症は，積極的な治療介入が必要とされる．その第一選択薬はビスホスホネート製剤（以下ビス）であるが，近年，デノスマブ（以下デノス）も注目を浴びている．ステロイド性骨粗鬆症の骨密度に対する両者の効果を比較検討した．

方法：ステロイド性骨粗鬆症の管理と治療ガイドライン：2014年改訂版の薬物療法開始の基準を満たした患者を対象とした．無治療群（N群）と，治療介入群として当初よりビスで治療した

群，ビス後デノスに変更したBD群，デノスで治療したDD群，デノス後ビスに変更したDB群を抽出し，ステロイド投与を開始した時，ステロイド性骨粗鬆症に対する治療を開始した時または薬剤変更からカ月後の腰椎，大腿骨頚部と大転子部の骨密度を測定し，それらの変化を統計学的に比較検討した．

結果：149例が抽出され，その内訳は，N群48例，

群24例，BD群例，DD群21例，DB群34例であった．治療開始時または薬剤変更からカ月後にBD群を除くすべての治療介入群で腰椎の骨密度が上昇した．大腿骨の骨密度は，BD群において薬剤変更後に上昇に転じた．

考察：デノスにはビスと同様の骨密度上昇効果があると考えられた．

結論：デノスは，ステロイド性骨粗鬆症治療の第一選択薬となり得る．

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Two new partially saturated tricyclic ring systems, , a, , 8, 9, 10, 10a, 11-octahydro-11-oxodibenz [, ] oxepins (3a and 3), and -thiepins (4a and 4) were synthesized. Compounds 4a and 4 were desulfurized to give a pair of isomeric 2-methylbenzoylcyclohexanes (10a and 10). Deuterated 4a and 4 (11a and 11) were prepared starting from butadiene- (12). The stereochemical features of 3a (trans), 3 (cis), 4a (trans) and 4 (cis) are compared with those of 10a, 10, 11a and 11 on the basis of proton nuclear magnetic resonance data.

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The gamma-ray spectrum and the conversion-electron spectrum are measured in the decay of the Tb¹⁵² activity. The L-subshell electron lines of the 586. keV +→2₁⁺ transition are separated by the ion-free beta-ray spectrometer. The M1-2 mixing ratio, δ², and the dimensionless ratio X of 0-2 mixing of the 586. keV transition are obtained to be δ²≤0.16 and 0.034≤X≤0.038, respectively. The 2 branching ratio (2; +→0_g⁺): (2; +→2₁⁺): (2; +→0₁⁺) is determined to be 0.023 : 1.0 : 5..

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The ability of Climacodon septentrionalis to immobilize and kill a mycophagous nematode (Aphelenchoides sp.) in vitro is described for the first time. Two isolates produced droplets (20–45 μm in diameter) that formed at the apices of tall, stalked, and branching secretory cells (700–1,500 μm tall). On 2% modified malt extract agar, nematodes became enveloped in the droplets, which restricted their ability to move and resulted in complete immobilization and death within several hours of contact. The rate of decomposition of the nematodes varied considerably, with most individuals persisting for weeks whereas others were degraded within several days and appeared to be colonized by dense hyphal growth. This study provides the first documentation of a non-agaricoid fungus producing secretory cells that are able to immobilize nematodes.

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Callipeltin A (1) is a cyclodepsipeptide from water sponge collected at New Caledonia. This compound shows anti-HIV and cytotoxic activities against KB and P388 cells and contains three new amino acid residues. β-methoxytyrosine (β-MeOTyr) (4), (2R,3R,4S)-4-amino--guanidino-2,-3-dihydroxyheptanoic acid (AGDHE) (5), (3S,4R)-3,4-dimethyl-L-glutamine (diMeGln) (). In addition, two new truncated open-chain derivatives of Callipeltin A (1), named Callipeltin D (2) and (3) were isolated. The unique structure and intriguing biological activities of this compound led us to explore total synthesis of Callipeltin A (1) and to elucidate stereochemistry of β-MeOTyr (4). We started to synthesize Callipeltin (3) which contains β-MeOTyr (4). In order to synthesize four stereoisomer of β-MeOTyr (4), we attempted Evans anti or syn-Aldol reaction as a key step. Evans direct anti-aldol reaction with chiral benzyloxazolidinones (8) and p-hydroxy benzaldehyde (9) promoted by catalytic amounts of MgCl_2 in the presence of triethylamine and chlorotrimethylsilane. This proceder provide 3:1 diastereoselelctivity and 70% yield of isolated anti-aldol product (10). And Enolizalion of isocyanate oxazolidinone (13) with di-n-butylboryl trifrate and diisopropylethylamine followed by treatment with aldehyde 8 afford syn-aldol product 14 affording 88% yield and 1:5 anti: sin diastereomeric ratio. On the other hand, we tried Sharpless Asymmetric dihydroxylation () and Aminohydroxylation () to give all four stereoisomers of β-MeOTyr. Treatment of olefin (18) with -mix α provided diol (19) and the α position alcohol of 19 was converted to sulfone regioselectively followed by azidation and treatment of 20 with PPh_3 to afford aziridine (21). Addition of aziridine (21) and BF_3・Et_2O in methanol produced α-amino β-methoxy adduct (). reaction protocol with t-butylcarbamate was successfully applied to afford desired in single step. Now we construct Callipeltin to determine absolute stereochemistry of β-MeOTyr (4). In addition, we report the synthesis of diMeGln () and (2R,3R,4S)-3-hydroxy-2-4--trimethyl hepanoic acid ().

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The gamma-ray spectrum and the conversion-electron spectrum are measured in the decay of the ^116mIn activity. Directional correlations are also measured for 818–1293 and 1097–1293 keV cascades. The M1-2 mixing ratio δ, and the 0-2 mixing ratio μ_k are obtained for 818. keV +→2₁⁺ transition to be δ=1.52−

0.22

+0.26, and μ_k≤

6

.1×10⁻⁴ respectively. The

E

2 branching ratio

B

(

E

2;

2₂

+→0_g⁺):

B

(

E

2;

2₂

+→2₁⁺):

B

(

E

2;

2₂

+→0₁⁺) is determined to be 0.0158:1.0:5.86.

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A rainfall simulation device was developed to realize uniform rainfall at high g-levels in centrifuge model tests. A series of centrifuge model tests was conducted on cohesive soil slopes during rainfall, and the displacement and suction of the slopes were measured. The slope exhibits a relatively shallow slide after a heavy rainfall, and exhibits a shear zone with significant deformation in the interior of the slope. The vertical displacement is significantly larger than the horizontal displacement of the slope during rainfall. The rainfall-induced displacement process can be divided into three phases: (1) small displacement, (2) rapid increase, and (3) large displacement with minor rate of increase. Strain analysis was conducted on the basis of the measured displacement, and the results showed that the rainfall-induced deformation of the slope is governed by two types of mechanisms: increasing overburden weight and softening of soil. For a point in the slope, the first mechanism occurs from the beginning of rainfall; and the second mechanism occurs only when the water infiltrates there, which is described using the wetting front. Accordingly, another term, stable front, describes a boundary of zero increment of deformation. These two fronts gradually advance into the slope with increasing rainfall and divide the slope into three zones. The middle zone exhibits the most significant deformation.

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外来昆虫クビアカツヤカミキリAromia bungii（以下クビアカ）によるバラ科樹木への被害が深刻となっており、早急な防除対策が求められている。防除対策の一環として、クビアカ雄成虫由来の揮発性集合・性フェロモンの構造が決定され、このフェロモンを用いた誘引試験を群馬県館林市のソメイヨシノ被害地で実施した。黒色サンケイトラップを誘引器として用い、誘引剤として合成フェロモン、および添加剤としてエタノール、糖酢液、および成虫の防御物質と考えられているローズオキシドを溶媒（イソプロパノール1mL）に各々溶解させたものをチャック付きポリ袋に入れたもの用いた。誘引試験は2018年

月13日から8月2日まで行い、フェロモン区で計139頭、対照区で2頭のクビアカ成虫が捕獲された。同時に、本試験ではクビアカ以外の昆虫も捕獲された。そこで本試験で捕獲されたクビアカ以外の昆虫類について着目し、誘引トラップで捕獲された昆虫類の組成を調査し、フェロモンおよびエタノール、ローズオキシドおよび糖酢液が他種昆虫類に与える影響を考察した。本研究は農研機構生研支援センター「イノベーション創出強化研究推進事業」の支援により実施した。

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　外来昆虫クビアカツヤカミキリAromia bungii（以下クビアカ）によるバラ科樹木への被害が深刻となっており、早急な防除対策が求められている。防除対策の一環として、クビアカ雄成虫由来の揮発性性フェロモンの構造（(

)-2-cis-,-epoxynonenal）が決定され、この性フェロモンを用いた誘引試験をあきる野市のソメイヨシノ被害地で実施した。誘引器はサンケイトラップ（黒および透明）を用い、ポリエチレン製ビニル袋に溶媒としてイソプロパノール1mLと性フェロモン（50μLあるいは100μL）を入れたものを誘引剤として用いた。対照区は溶媒のみとした。誘引試験は2017年月13日から8月30日まで行い、フェロモン区で計21頭、対照区で1頭のクビアカ成虫が捕獲された。同時に、本試験ではクビアカ以外の昆虫（鞘翅目、半翅目、鱗翅目類昆虫）も捕獲された。そこで本試験で捕獲されたクビアカ以外の昆虫類について着目し、誘引トラップで捕獲された昆虫類の組成を調査し、クビアカ性フェロモンの他種昆虫類に与える影響を考察した。

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11-Amino-, a, , 8, 9, 10, 10a, 11-octahydrodibebenzo[, ]thiepines (a-d) and -oxepines (a-d) were synthesized by the Leuckart reaction of , a, , 8, 9, 10, 10a, 11-octahydro-11-oxodibenzo[, ]thiepines (1a, )and -oxepines (2a, ) followed by hydrolysis of the reaction products 4a-d and 5a-d, respectively. The four diastereomers, cis(a-H, 10a-H)-cis(10a-H, 11-H) a and a, cis(a-H, 10a-H)-trans(10a-H, 11-H) and , trans(a-H, 10a-H)-trans(10a-H, 11a-H)c and c, and trans(a-H, 10a-H)-cis(10a-H, 11-H) d and d, were isolated and their configurations and conformations were elucidated by chemical methods together with ¹H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic and X-ray crystallographic analyses.

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