By employing an undrained cyclic loading ring-shear apparatus, a series of tests to reproduce the dynamic behavior of the Nikawa landslide induced by the January 17, 1995 Hyogoken-Nambu earthquake, is conducted. The test sample is Osaka-group coarse sandy soil taken from the landslide. The initial stress condition acting on a soil element in the sliding surface is applied to the sample. Based on the seismic records monitored at the JR Takarazuka Station, the input seismic wave is synthesized to reproduce the seismic stress acting on the sliding surface. The test results show that the soil failed due to the dynamic loading of the earthquake. The most important results are the excess pore water pressure generation and the acceleration of shear displacement continuing after the main shock. Combined with the grain crushing at the shear zone and the volume reduction in the drained constant-speed ring-shear test, the mechanism of this landslide is interpreted as, shear displacement causing grain crushing in the shear zone and volume reduction, and then resulting in a localized liquefaction phenomenon, "sliding-surface liquefaction". This geotechnical simulation test provides a reasonable interpretation of this highly mobile landslide.

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The Beckmann rearrangement of aliphatic ketone oximes, R(CHs)C=NOH (R=Et (1); n-Pr (2); iso-Pr (); iso-Bu (4)), with polyphosphoric acid (PPA), polyphosphate ester (PPE), and ester of phosphoric acid (2 P- R) was carried out and migratory ratios ((a)/() in eq. (1)) were determined, The results are shown in Fig.1, 2, and , respectively.
In Fig.1 and 2, the migratory ratios decrease with reaction time and nearly approach to the ratios of anti-alkyl form/syn-alkylform in benzene(A1) or DMSO(A2)except for () (See Table 1). From this fact, it has been found that PPA and PPE are inactive for isomerization of the oximes andanti-alkyl oximes rearrange faster than syn-alkyl ones. ln the case of (), migratery ratios are smaller than Ai or A2. As acetonitrile is detected by GLC, it is presumed that fission has been occurred simultaneously with rearrangement in anti-alkyl oxime (eq. ()). In the case of 2 P- R, all modes of the reaction arethe same as in above, except that the rate of fission is tnuch faster than that in PPA and PPE.
The reaction of anti-alkyl ketone oximes having a bulky grouphas been greatly influenced by the use of sterically demanding catalysts such asPPA, PPE, and 2 P- R.

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The rate dependent nature of liquefied sand was investigated by laboratory shear tests. Since previous experience has revealed the many difficulties inherent in maintaining the state of liquefaction of a sandy specimen, new measures were attempted. The test results indicate that the measured shear stress consists of frictional and rate dependent components, and a viscosity coefficient was assessed from the latter component. The measured viscosity varies with the rate of strain as well as the magnitude of strain itself. A similar test on a dry specimen revealed less viscosity and implied that a major part of rate dependency comes from the behavior of pore liquid in the case of water-saturated sand. It was interesting, moreover, that sand with fines was of less viscosity. Finally, a numerical analysis was conducted on a real liquefaction-induced ground deformation and the results were consistent with the observation.

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Natural sedimentary clays exhibit ageing effects on their behaviour when subjected to both consolidation and shearing. Attempts to characterising the in-situ 'structure'of soft marine clays have been made in case studies performed in Ariake (Japan) and in Bangkok (Thailand), each showing a typical profile of aged clay-structure with depth reflecting its site-specific geological consolidation history. In each site, profiles of Atterberg limits, natural water content, overconsolidation ratio (OCR), quasi-elastic shear modulus G_max and the undrained shear strength c_u with depth were attained from various laboratory tests, together with the a comparable profile of quasi-elastic shear modulus from insitu seismic survey G_f. Quantitative assessment of the aged clay-structure was made by using two different measures, metastability index MI (G) and the soil constant reflecting structure S (Jamiolkowski et al., 1994). The profiles of MI (G) and the S-value with depth were both determined based on the corresponding G_max behaviour of the reconstituted sample. "Disturbance"of laboratory samples retrieved by using two different samplers (i.., Laval and Japanese thin-walled samplers) with two different sampling techniques (i.., pre-boring and displacement methods) was discussed. A new approach to estimate c_u"in the ground", termed by the authors the MILK (Metastability Index coupled with Laboratory K_o test) method, is proposed. A trial of the MILK-method is demonstrated in soft Bangkok clay, the texture of which is similar to "soft cheese".

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An empirical equation in use for estimating the pseudo-elastic shear modulus, G_f, of subsoil, associated with shear strains less than 0.001% is proposed in this paper. In a series of in-situ seismic cone tests performed nationwide, the profiles of both G_f and the in-situ void ratio, , with depth were successfully characterised at five sites, each comprising a soft clay layer deposited in the Holocene era. The database which comprised the original data from the field and laboratory tests, coupled with similar information on well-documented Holocene clay deposits in Europe, was statistically analyzed in attempts to determine a generalised relationship with which G_f of soft clay may be reasonably estimated only from routinely available borehole data; that is and the current geostatic effective overburden pressure, σ'_v. An empirical relationship, G_f=, 000 -√(σ'_v) (kPa), was derived from the statistical analysis applied to data from seven different clays worldwide, for which extended over a range between 1 and , and the overconsolidation ratio ranged roughly between 1 and 2. The applicability of the proposed relationship was evaluated for two case records, each in which the clay exhibited unusual behavior; i.., the undrained shear strength remained more or less constant with depth due to the existence of artesian pressure at one site, and, at the other, G_f decreased, whereas increased, with depth. It was demonstrated that even in these clay deposits exhibiting exceptional profiles, the proposed relationship was capable of predicting G_f with a reasonable accuracy by determining the profiles of and σ'_v with depth. In addition, the prediction when compared to G_max from carefully performed laboratory cyclic tests, yielded a better estimate of G_f from the in-situ seismic survey. Despite the fact that the empirical relationship was initially designated to estimate G_f of soft clays, it may be equally applicable to sandy deposits. This was verified by comparing it to similar, and well-established, relationships developed for sands. A case record as such is also described for a loose sand deposit at Higashi-Ohgishima in Tokyo Bay which was placed in 1960's by land reclamation.

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A sample of [

3H

] tobrarnycin (

5

, 000 Ci/Mole) has been synthetized and incubated with
the bacterial ribosome and its subunits. The results obtained show that this antibiotic has
two types of binding sites. The primary one is probably responsible for the inhibition of
protein synthesis whereas the secondary one is probably related to the misreading and reading
tiirough of the messenger RNA.

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　Conçue comme une négativité infinie et absolue, l’ironie déclenche une déstructuration sémantique et diégétique. Dans En attendant Godot de Beckett， la fonction de chaque discours et de chaque action est systématiquement réduite à une méta-action négative, par quoi on peut définir la notion

’attente. Cette perturbation qui détraque les discours et les actions opère à tous les niveaux de la pièce．C’est la méthode de（dé）construction fondamentale chez Beckett，qui consiste à injecter en permanence de l’ironie pour subvertir l’ordre des choses． La même démarche ironique avait été adoptée par les préromantiques pour surmonter une difficulté soulevée par la philosophie idéaliste，à savoir la division entre les phénomènes et les choses en soi．Marqué par l’influence profonde de la pensée de Schopenhauer，Beckett se place dans le sillage idéaliste des préromantiques，et leur emprunte leur méthode ’évocation de l’inexprimable par le recours à l’ironie．

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In this paper, constitutive relations for expressing the inelastic behavior of sandy ground expected at the time of a strong earthquake are proposed. These constitutive relations are formulated by a yield function in terms of effective stress ratio and by a plastic potential function which is derived from the stress ratio-plastic strain incremental ratio defined as a function of accumulated volumetric strain. These constitutive relations employ Sekiguchi and Ohta's stress parameter to take account of the effects of rotation of principal stress axis on the deformation characteristics of sand. The Masing rule is modified in such a way that it can be used in the multi-dimensional stress field, and employed in the hardening function in order to express a hysteretic damping. Material constants contained in the proposed constitutive relations can be easily determined by the mechanical tests which are normally conducted in laboratory. The comparison between predicted behaviors by the constitutive relations and results of undrained cyclic shear tests shows that the dynamic strength-deformation characteristics of sand in a wide range of density can be simulated satisfactorily.

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The objective of this article is to propose and evaluate a sliding-block model to deal with very large displacements of slopes when a horizontal earthquake is applied. The slip surface consists of two inclinations on which full shear resistance is mobilized. Internal shearing exists along a sub-plane that intersects the angle between the two sub-planes that form the external slip surface. The ratio of the distance moved along the two external sub-planes depends on the inclination of the internal sub-plane. If there is a water table line, undrained conditions are assumed during motion and total stress analysis is performed. The governing equations of motion are formulated, analytical solutions are obtained for some cases, and back-analysis of four well-documented slides is performed.

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This paper is concerned with an extension of a rotational limit equilibrium method for determining the permanent displacements of slopes under seismic excitation. In the proposed procedure, the sliding mass is treated as a rigid rotating body defined by a log spiral trace. Permanent displacements are obtained by double-integration of the equation of motion in a manner similar to Newmark's translational sliding block method. The seismic slope stability analysis is based on the rotational (variational) limit equilibrium approach. This stability analysis was verified with dynamic experimental results obtained from centrifuge model testing. A series of parametric studies was conducted on"unstable"slopes, investigating the effects of soil properties and characteristics of excitation on the magnitude of permanent displacements. The higher the frictional angle, the smaller the permanent displacement of the slope is. Low excitation frequency yields larger slope displacement if the excitation is extended for the same time period of time. The effect of frequency becomes less distinct when a larger value of yield seismic coefficient is used. The proposed procedures produce a rational criterion to evaluate the seismic performance of simple slopes. This criterion is based on permanent displacement limit rather than factor of safety alone.

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Two new partially saturated tricyclic ring systems, , a, 7, , 9, 10, 10a, 11-octahydro-11-oxodibenz [, ] oxepins (a and ), and -thiepins (4a and 4) were synthesized. Compounds 4a and 4 were desulfurized to give a pair of isomeric 2-methylbenzoylcyclohexanes (10a and 10). Deuterated 4a and 4 (11a and 11) were prepared starting from butadiene- (12). The stereochemical features of a (trans), (cis), 4a (trans) and 4 (cis) are compared with those of 10a, 10, 11a and 11 on the basis of proton nuclear magnetic resonance data.

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In this paper, consideration is given as to how to characterize depth-variation for the small-strain shear modulus of natural clay sedimentation, in a state of normal consolidation. A case study was carried out for a relatively uniform clay layer deposited in the Holocene era. Initially, the effects of both strain and in-situ stress levels on secant shear modulus were carefully examined in cyclic torsion shear tests using undisturbed samples, which were recovered at different depths in a test borehole. The range of shear strain examined was between 0.001% and 1%. Similar examination was made for a silty clay using reconstituted samples that were isotropically consolidated at different stress levels. On the basis of the results of these laboratory tests, together with the shear modulus from an in-situ seismic survey, the small-strain shear modulus was formulated in terms of the stress and strain levels, and linked also to undrained shear strength. Interactions of the small strain stiffness between in-situ and laboratory are discussed in depth with an attention paid to the existing aging effect in the original subsurface condition.

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Failure modes of embankments or slopes consisting of saturated cohesionless soils during earthquakes may be classified into two types, the one involving a limited amount of permanent deformation such as settlements or lateral bulging on the order of tens of centimeter to meters, and the other in which complete slumping or flow of materials takes place through distances of tens of meters. Associated with seismic risk evaluation of embankments, there are many cases where the occurrence of limited deformation is tolerated but the flow type of failure is never permissible. In such a case, a methodology becomes necessary for evaluating the safety of embankments against the flow type of failure, once it occurs. Post-earthquake stability analysis in which the conventional analysis is made by employing residual strength or steady-state strength of soils is used for this purpose. However, accurate evaluation of in-situ residual strength is a difficult task particularly for cohesionless soils. Thus, it would appear useful if estimates of the residual strength can be made based on the back analysis of several embankments that have suffered the flow type failure during past earthquakes. In the present study, slope stability analyses were made for several earthquake-damaged embankments and tailings dams composed of silty sands or sandy silts to back-calculate the value of residual strength. The ground conditions at the failure sites were investigated by means of the Dutch cone penetration test or by the Swedish cone test. By comparing the values of the back-calculated residual strength with those of the cone resistance, empirical correlations between them are obtained which may be used in turn for the evaluation of residual strength of similar soils on other sites.

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This paper is concerned with modeling of thermomechanical failure of triaxial specimens of saturated clays of low porosity. Thermomechanical failure manifests itself in undrained conditions as a development of advanced irreversible strains due to heating under constant total stress. In experiments on two clays the failure occured at temperatures from 70° to 90°C. The observed failure is associated with a pore water pressure buildup. Models of thermoplastic behavior of skeleton and of thermal volume changes of adsorbed water are employed to interpret and numerically simulate the test results. Using these models, thermomechanical failure was found to occur when the effective stress is brought to the critical state by expansion of pore water and thermoplastic compressive strain in skeleton.

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Two new polyacetylene compounds (4, , 12)-1-acetoxy--isovaleryloxytetradeca-4, , 12-trien-, 10-diyn-14-ol (), and (4, , 12)-1-acetoxy--(2-methylbutyryloxy)tetradeca-4, , 12-trien-, 10-diyn-14-ol (C) have been isolated along with (4, , 12)-1-acetoxy--senecioyloxytetradeca-4, , 12-trien-, 10-diyn-14-ol (A) from Atractylodes Rhizome (Karabyakujutu). The structures of these compounds were determined on the basis of their spectral data.

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Among the rivers damaged by the earthquake, two most severely damaged along the Yodo-gawa River are described. In the left levee, the settlement exceeded 2 m for a length of 1.4 km, with a maximum settlement of m. Sand boils were observed extensively on the ground surface near the damaged dikes. Holocene sandy soil with an SPT N-value of 10 or less existed in the upper part of the subsoil profile. These facts indicate that liquefaction of the soil was the major cause of the embankment damage. The cyclic stress ratio required to cause liquefaction was 0.30 as determined from cyclic triaxial tests on undisturbed samples.

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This study aimed to determine the prevalence of fecal carriage of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and/or plasmidic AmpC β-lactamase (pAmpC) producing Escherichia coli among dogs (n=428) in Turkey. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing were used to characterize genes encoding β-lactamase and plasmid mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and PCRs for virulence genes and phylogenetic groups were also performed. Cefotaxime resistant

. coli isolates were detected in 95 (.2%) of the swab samples. Sequencing analysis results showed occurrence of various β-lactamase genes: bla_CTX-M-15 (62), blaTEM-

1b

(42), bla_CMY-2 (

22

), blaCTX-M-

3

(16), bla_CTX-M-1 (15), bla_OXA-1 (9) and bla_SHV-12 (

3

) alone or in combination. The most frequently encountered phylogenetic group was group A₁ (35.

8

%), followed by group

D₂

(

22

.1%),

B

1 (15.

8

%),

D₁

(9.

5

%), A₀ (7.4%),

B2₂

(

5

.

3

%) and

B2₃

(4.2%), respectively. PMQR genes, aac(

6

’)-Ib-cr, qnrS1 and qnrB10 were detected in 25.

3

, 10.

5

and 1.1% of the isolates, respectively. While all isolates were susceptible to imipenem and amikacin, resistance rates to non-β-lactam antibiotics ranged from 20.0% for tobramycin to 56.

8

% for tetracycline. The virulence genes were only detected in 34 (36.2%) of the isolates and this isolates carried single or various combination of virulence genes of iucD, papC, papE, f17a-A and eaeA. Four isolates were identified as human virulent pandemic CTX-M-15 producing

E

. coli clone O25

b

:ST131/

B

2. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to show fecal carriage of ESBL/pAmpC type β-lactamase producing

E

. coli isolates among dogs in Turkey.

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This study was performed to clarify which factors affected damage to tame-ike (small embankment dams for irrigation) in Hokudan Town as a result of the January 17, 1995 Hyogoken-Nambu earthquake. Factors were assumed to be : Location (.g., Distance to Epicenter, etc.), Structure (.g., Angle to Nearest Fault, Embankment Volume, etc.), Soil Properties of Embankment, Geology of Dam Site and History (Era of Construction, Repaired, etc.). Multivariate statistical analyses were performed for documentary data (damaged : 181, undamaged : 328). Ordinary statistical analyses were conducted for the data investigated in situ for soil properties of the embankment. The results show that the factors causing damage to dam are : (1) Nearest Fault (Nojima, Mizukoshi and 2), (2) Distance to Nearest Fault (less than 500 m), () Distance to Epicenter (approximately to 14 km, which almost agrees with the location of seismic intensity 7 JMA), (4) Elevation of Dam Site (higher than 100 m), () Embankment Volume (the greater the volume the more damage was caused), () Direction of Dam Axis (normal or diagonal to the epicenter or to nearest the fault), (7) Plan View of Dam Axis ( or 4 axes), () Surface Geology of Dam Site (non-cohesive soil type ground), (9) Era of Construction (prior to 1891) and (10) Soil Properties of Embankment (sand, not silty sand or gravel, penetration resistance that is 10% smaller than the undamaged dams).

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