Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine if the optical properties of zirconia and glass–ceramic (

.max) were affected by low-temperature degradation (aging).

Methods: Experiment samples were fabricated with seven zirconia brands (n=10): Zenostar, Zirlux, Katana, Bruxzir, DD-BioZX², DD-cubeX², NexxZr; and

.max were used as a control. This resulted in a total of samples in the experiment. The L*, a* and b* were measured for each sample, and then the optical properties including translucency parameter (TP), contrast ratio (CR), and opalescence parameter (OP) were calculated. The samples were aged (20, 40, 60, , 100h), and the optical properties were calculated after each interval.

Results: Most zirconia brands had lower L*, higher a*, higher b* with increased aging, which visually corresponds to darker, redder, and more yellow. Aging also increased CR, lowered TP, and lowered OP.

.max was also affected by aging but still had the highest TP (23.±2.8), L* (.±3.4), and lowest CR (0.41±0.05) compared to any zirconia. The Zenostar had the closest TP (24.1±0.4), and L* (.2±0.5) values to .max before aging. However, after 100h of aging, the DD-cubeX² was least effected and had the highest TP (.2±0.6) and lowest CR (0.43±0.01) compared with other zirconia samples and highest OP (11.3±0.2) of all ceramic samples.

Conclusions: The optical properties of zirconia and

.max materials were affected by aging with the effects increasing with time. The magnitude of change was affected by seven brands of dental zirconia.

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In the first part of the present work the interaction of glycophorin with dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) is studied by freeze fracture electron microscopy, densitometry, calorimetry, and ° static light scattering. An exothermic lipid/protein interaction energy of W_P=190 kJ•mol^-1 was found by application of the well known Van Laar relation for the displacement of the freezing point and the Gibbs-Duhem relationship. Secondly, the effects of Ca²⁺ on the lipid/protein interaction were studied. Following Ca²⁺ addition a remarkable decoupling of the interaction of the glycophorin head group with the bilayer surface was revealed by densitometry and gold-labeling electron microscopy. It is estimated that about % of lipid once disturbed by the adsorption of glycophorin head groups is decoupled after addition of Ca²⁺. Thirdly, the selective interaction of glycophorin with binary lipid mixtures was studied, including the mixtures of DMPC with dimyristoylphosphatidylserine (DMPS) and dilauroylphosphatidylcholine (DLPC), and the mixture of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) with DLPC.

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Background

The differences in conditions of enteric-coated acid-labile drug release and absorption between healthy subjects in bioequivalence studies and gastrointestinal patients in clinical practice can lead to significant differences in gastric stability of original PPIs and generics. Thus, pathologic duodenogastric reflux (PDGR) and the pH increasing within PPIs administration still remain unaccounted for.

Methods

Two-stage modified comparative dissolution testing of original omeprazole (OO) and four generics (G1;2;3;4) was performed. At first, we moved drugs from solution with pH 1.2 (1.2±0.05) to pH

.0 (.0±0.05) and measure concentration of omeprazole in solution by high-performance liquid chromatography. According to our self-developed formula, pH exposure time of resistance to PDGR for omeprazole is 4 minutes, i.. the active substance should not be released within 4 minutes at pH . The exposure at the second stage was conducted with pH 4 (4.0±0.05), that imitated gastric pH after PPI administration. And then we also moved drugs to pH with the subsequent measurement of omeprazole concentration.

Results

Omeprazole concentrations after 4, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60 minutes in pH

solution at the first stage were different for OO and generics. For OO, these values were 4,±0,%; 41,4±3,0%; 62,8±4,0%; 79,5±2,%; ,5±2,%; ,6±2,%; ,6±4,4%; for Generic1 - 0; 49,3±,%; 88,8 ±2,8%; ,4±3,%; 88, 2±2,2%; 87,3±2,0%; 85,±1,1%; for Generic2 - 0; 30,6±6,3%; 66,±8,2%; 76,4±,4%; 82,8±5,3%; 86,0±3,%; 84,6±3,3%: for Generic3 - ,8±3,6%; ,5±1,%; , 8±3,2%; ,3±2,%; ,±2,1%; 82,1±2,0%; 82,0±2,4%; for Generic4 - 82,5±1,%; 84,4±0,8%; 84,2±1,2%; 82, ±0,%; 82,±0,%; 82,±0,%; 82,8±1,1%, respectively.

An analysis of the omeprazole concentration in pH

solution at the second stage revealed the following parameters after the same time: for OO - 4,4±0,6%; 40, 5±3,0%; 62,8±2,0%; ,0±3,1%; 85,4±2,%; 82,8±3,4%; ,±3,5%; for Generic1 - 0; 67,0±,8%; 89,±2,3%; 91, ±4,3%; 89,1±1,6%; 88,3±1,4%; 87,8±1,2%; for Generic2 - 0; 42,2±5,6%; 75,1±,3%; ,0±6,0%; 88,4±3,2%; 88, 6±1,3%; 87,±1,0%; for Generic4 - 85,5±0,5%; 85,6±0,5%; 84,±0,%; 82,±3,0%; 84,4±0,3%; 84,4±0,3%; 84,3±0,4%, respectively. Generic3 release and degradation were completely realized at pH 4.

Conclusion

Decreased gastric stability of Generic3 and Generic4 makes PDGR and inhibited gastric acid secretion due to PPIs administration the potential causes of decreased enteric-coated acid-labile drugs stability.

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A total of 176

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. coli isolates were retrieved from 203 diarrheic fecal samples collected from Korean cattle on 117 different farms. The most frequently observed resistance in

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. coli isolates was to tetracycline (88.6%), followed by streptomycin (.%) and ampicillin (64.8%). Resistance to cefazolin, cefoperazone, cefepime and amikacin was very low. Of the 176

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. coli strains, forty (.%) isolates from 30 farms showed resistance to fluoroquinolones (FQ). All the FQ-resistant strains possessed double mutations at codons and 87 in the gyrA gene, and a single mutation mostly at codon in the parC gene, except in one isolate. The pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profiles of the FQ-resistant

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. coli isolates were heterogeneous, but two or three isolates that showed an identical pattern originated from the same or different farms. This study demonstrates that FQ resistance is frequently observed in

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. coli from diarrheic cattle and that mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining region are the same as those seen in

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. coli originating from other animal species and humans. The FQ resistance in diarrheic cattle might have been mostly acquired independently, although the possibility of transmission of FQ-resistant

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. coli within a farm or between farms is plausible.

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Background: Oxidative stress, the imbalance between pro- and antioxidants, has been implicated in the etiology and pathophysiology of the incidence and mortality of many diseases. We aim to investigate the relations of dietary intakes of vitamin C and

and main carotenoids with all-cause mortality in Japanese men and women.

Methods: The Japan Collaborative Cohort Study for Evaluation of Cancer Risk had

,795 men and 35,539 women, aged 40–79 years at baseline (1988–1990), who completed a valid food frequency questionnaire and were followed up to the end of 2009.

Results: There were 6,179 deaths in men and 5,355 deaths in women during the median follow-up of 18.

years for men and 19.4 years for women. Multivariate hazard ratios for the highest versus lowest quintile intakes in women were 0. (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.76–0.; P for trend < 0.0001) for vitamin C, 0.85 (95% CI, 0.78–0.93; P for trend < 0.0001) for vitamin , 0.88 (95% CI, 0.–0.96; P for trend = 0.0006) for β-carotene, and 0. (95% CI, 0.82–0.98; P for trend = 0.0002) for β-cryptoxanthin. The joint effect of any two of these highly correlated micronutrients showed significant 12–17% reductions in risk in the high-intake group compared with the low-intake group in women. These significant associations were also observed in the highest quintile intakes of vitamin C, vitamin , and β-carotene in female non-smokers but were not observed in female smokers, male smokers, and non-smokers.

Conclusions: Higher dietary intakes of antioxidant vitamins may reduce the risk of all-cause mortality in middle-aged Japanese women, especially female non-smokers.

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We screened the differentiation-inducing activities of 39 mushroom extracts from Akita prefecture, Japan, on the mouse osteoblastic cell line, MC3T3-1. Sixteen phosphate buffered saline (PBS), 8 boiled PBS, 14 ethanol and 12 methanol extracts induced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities, an indicator of MC3T3-1 cell differentiation. The enzyme activities were markedly induced by extracts of Tricholoma auratum, and we isolated the active compound from methanol extracts of this mushroom. Physical data for the isolated active compound were identical to those for (,24R)-ergosta-,-diene-3β,5α,6β-triol (1). 1 induced ALP activities of MC3T3-1 cells and promoted cell proliferation. To investigate the relationships between the chemical structure and differentiation-inducing activity of the compound, ALP-inducing activities of MC3T3-1 cells by 1, ergosterol (2), ergocalciferol (3), cholesta-3β,5α,6β-triol (4), -dehydrocholesterol (5) and cholecalciferol (6) were tested. The enzyme activities of MC3T3-1 cells were increased 3.0-fold by 10 μM 1 and 2.4-fold by 10 μM 4. However, 2, 3, 5 and 6 did not induce MC3T3-1 cell ALP activity at 0.1—10 μM. These results suggested that the OH groups at C-5 and/or C-6 of 1 and 4 played an important role in their differentiation-inducing activities on MC3T3-1 cells. Furthermore, 1 suppressed induction of MC3T3-1 cell apoptosis by serum starvation.

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Enterococcus faecalis is a frequent cause of hospital-acquired infection. Two hundred fifty one

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. faecalis isolates from patients with urinary tract infection at Okayama University Hospital over an 8-year period from 1991 through 1998 were collected. The presence of the asaI, cylA, aac (6')-aph (2''), and aph (3')-III genes was analyzed by PCR methods. Of the 251 isolates, 205 (.%) were positive for asaI. The .5% (167/205) of asaI-positive isolates also possessed either cylA or aminoglycoside resistance genes, compared to only 15.2% of (/46) asaI-negative isolates (p<0.0001). The incidence of asaI gradually increased from 69.2% in 1991 to .% in 1998. The number of isolates that contain asaI, cylA and aminoglycoside resistance gene (s) also increased. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analyses of 28 asaI-positive and hemolysin-producing isolates revealed different banding patterns, including 6 pairs with similar patterns. The plasmid analyses of these isolates showed different patterns except for 1 pair with similar PFGE pattern. These results suggest that

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. faecalis possessing the asaI gene may play an important role in the exchange of genetic information among enterococci in the urinary tract.

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Background: Exenatide (EXE), a prototypical GLP-1R agonist, has been reported as beneficial to the balance of bone turnover in hyperlipidic and hyperglucidic diet-induced obesity in rats (DIO). Objective: To identify the mediation by GLP-1R of insulin (INS), leptin (LEP), osteocalcin (OCN), calcitonin (CT), carboxy-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen (CTX-1), procollagen type 1 amino-terminal propeptide (P1NP) and bone mineral density of femur (BMDF) in DIO. Methods: 72-75-day-old male rats had access only to (i) hyperlipidic food (5.2 kcal/g) and 30% sucrose solution for drinking (1.2 kcal/mL), or (ii) received normocaloric diet (3 kcal/g) and were allowed to feed and to drink water ad libitum. 122-125-day-old rats with 20% overweight were selected from i as obese and those with normal weight were selected from ii as control (C) animals. Thus, obese animals remained untreated (DIO) or were treated sc with 100μg of the competitive antagonist of GLP-1R, exendin (

-39) () per kg (DIO-) daily, for 20 days. Plasma INS, LEP, OCN, CTX-1 (ng/mL), CT and P1NP (pg/mL) were measured by ELISA. BMDF (g/cm³) was measured by X-rays. Results: DIO exhibited similar INS (12.±1., n=4) and CT (2.±1.05, n=4), higher LEP (0.33±0.04, n=5) and lower CTX-1 (0.48±0., n=3) than C. The treatment of DIO with decreased CTX-1 (4.44±0.63, n=3) and increased P1NP (163.40±39., n=3). DIO- decreased INS (5.75±1.50, n=3) in relation to DIO, at the same level than C (10.58±1.49, n=4). LEP level in DIO- (0.23±0.02, n=3) was intermediate in relation to DIO and C (0.16±0.05, n=5). OCN, CT and BMDF were similar among C, DIO and DIO-. Conclusions: Decreased CTX-1 and normal OCN, P1NP and BMDF reflect a relative normal balance in bone turnover in DIO. Since decreases CTX-1, a known effect of EXE in DIO, this alteration on CTX-1 extrapolates the GLP-1R binding and/or EXE and act as selective modulators with different actions in different targets. Furthermore, increases P1NP (not affected by EXE) and does not affect CT (increased by EXE). effects in DIO imply in increased osteoblastic and decreased osteoclastic activities, which promote an imbalance of bone turnover.

Supported by FAPESP, CNPq and CAPES

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A minute alga Tetraselmis tetrathele is one of the food organisms which have been intoroduced into Japan recently. T. tetrathele was well evaluated already as a substitute for Chlorella because of the high food value for a rotifer Brachionus plicatilis and its eurythermal characteristic beside the tolerance to high temperature. But, the dietary value of the rotifer cultured with T. tetrathele remains unknown.
Tje doetary value of rotifers cultured with T. Tetrathele (TR) or both T. tetrathele and Chlorella sp. (TCR) was compared with those cultured with Chlorella (CR) by feeding these various rotifers to larval red seabream for 17 days. The rotifers enriched by Chlorella (12-24 hours) after culturing with T. tetrathele (TR-C) was also given to the larvae. The survival rate and the total length of fish fed TR was better than those receiving CR (75.6 and .5% vs. 65.1 and 75.6% in survival rate, .5 and 8.1 mm vs. 6.5 and 6. mm in average T. L.), although there were no significant dif-ferences in body weight. Furthermore, the survival rate and the growth of fish fed TCR or TR-C were superior to the former, i. ., 68.0-.1% and 8.-8.8mm in TCR, 74.4-.1% and 8.5-.1mm in TR-C. There were no differences in proximate composition of the rotifers with various feeds and treatment. The difference in survival rate and growth among the larvae with different feeds might be due to the difference in the conten of ω3 HUFA. Thepercentage of ω3 HUFA in the lipids of TR, TCR, TR-C, and CR were 12.4%, 20.%, 20.4-25.4%, and 23.%, respectively. The amount of ω3 HUFA in the rotifers cultured with T. tetrathele was not enough, but might be the minimum (0.3% in rotifer). The influence of 18:3ω3 included in the rotifer at high per-centage (.4%) should be studied in future works.

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In October 1990, we conducted a comparative care needs study of long-term care facilities for the aged. The subjects consisted of 1,262 inmates in 12 facilities: 314 in three general hospitals (average age: 78.5); 391 in three hospitals for the aged (

.8); 410 in four skilled nursing homes (.2); 147 in two special nursing homes (.3). Result of the survey, (1)among the ADL, “mobility” with whole assistance was 39.8% of the subjects in general hospitals, 57.5% in hospitals for the aged, .% in skilled nursing homes, and 36.% in special nursing homes. (2)The ratio of “seriously” and “very seriously” demented subjects, as judged according to KARASAWA's scale, was 16.% in general hospitals, 27.% in hospitals for the aged, 16.3% in skilled nursing homes, and .4% in special nursing homes.

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ビスケット・クッキー種,クラッカー・スナック菓子13類,パイ・ケーキ4種,チョコレート5種および米菓子3種のToc同族体・PUFA量およびPOV値を分析した。
ビスケット・クッキーは穀類胚芽添加やビタミン強化製品も多くα-Toc 0.75～6.79(x:2.09)mg%,総Toc 0.07～18.24(x:4.76)mg%, PUFAの平均含量は2.41g%でα-TocのPUFAに対する割合は平均して0.85であった。
クラッカー・スナック菓子のToc同族体量は「揚げ菓子」「オイル掛」か「焼き菓子」であるかで,又穀類胚芽添加やビタミン強化などの製造法により著しい差がみられ,α-Toc 0.30～25.55(x:5.03)mg%,総Toc 0.94～45.02(x:8.59)mg%でPUFAは平均して8.06g%となりα-Toc/PUFA比は平均して0.60であった。
パイ・ケーキはα-体2.11～2.(x:2.61)mg%,総Toc 4.53～6.86(x:5.95)mg%でPUFAは平均して4.g%でα-Toc/PUFA比は0.63となった。パイ・ケーキにも抗酸化剤としてα-Tocの添加が伺えた。
チョコレートのα-体量は0.33～0.55(x:0.43)mg%で,総Tocは3.33～4.11(x:3.33)mg%であった。PUFAの割合は6.4%と少くないが脂肪量が多いのでPUFA量は2.34g%となり,α-Toc/PUFAは平均して0.21となった。
米菓子は分析例が少ないがα-Toc 0.33～10.0(x:4.)mg%,総Toc 0.53～12.38(x:.77)mg%,PUFAは0.～8.47(x:5.)g%でα-Toc/PUFAは0.71であった。
どの菓子類もPOV値は制限値よりも低い値であった。洋干菓子中の高油脂含量菓子類は抗酸化剤として天然Tocやdl-α-Tocの使用がなされていることが明らかであり,又穀類胚芽添加やビタミン強化菓子類の製造販売も多くみられ,α-Toc供給食品のひとつといえそうである。

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A full account is given of the chemical behavior observed for , -dialkyladeninium salts (16). On treatment with boiling 1N aqueous NaOH for 60min, 16a, b, d, (X=I), 16c (X=Br), and 16f (X=ClO₄) rearranged to isomeric N⁶, -dialkyladenines (21a-f) in 50-91% yields. Treatment of the salts with 0.5N aqueous Na₂CO₃ at room temperature for 30-min or with Amberlite CG-400 (OH^-) in H₂O at room temperature gave the ring-opened derivatives a-f (in the trans-formamide form) in 56-% yields, and rate constants for the ring-opening reactions of 16a, b, d-g (X=ClO₄) and 16c (X=Br) leading to a-g were determined in H₂O at pH .84 and ionic strength 0.50 at 25°C. Cyclization of a with NaH in AcNMe₂ at room temperature or with boiling 1N aqueous NaOH produced 21a in 84% or 72% yield, respectively.In solution, the trans-formamides seemed to transform slowly into the cis-formamides 23, attaining equilibria. The existence of such an equilibrium in D₂O or Me₂SO-d₆ at 25°C or in H₂O at pH .84 and ionic strength 0.50 at 25°C was kinetically confirmed in the case of a, and the mechanism of the rearrangement of 16 to 21 through is discussed on the basis of the above kinetic results and Deslongchamps' theory of stereoelectronic control. On treatment with NaBH₄ in MeOH at room temperature, 16a (X=I) furnished the , 8-dihydro derivative 28 (84% yield), which slowly decomposed in H₂O at 60°C to give a in 49% yield.The , -dialkyladeninium salts (16) were found to be obtainable from N'-alkoxy-1-alkyl-5-formamidoimidazole-4-carboxamidines () through an alternative synthetic route : Alkylations of with alkyl halides in HCONMe₂ in the absence of base, followed by hydrogenolysis of the N'-alkoxy group and cyclizatio (or vice versa) produced 16 in acceptable yields. In order to interpret the proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of a, the 2-deuterated species 26 was also synthesized from 24 via 25 and 27.

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Chemical synthesis of (, 24R)- and (, 24S)-1, 24-dihydroxy--vitamin D₃ has been achieved starting with the commercially available dinorcholenic acid acetate. Synthesis involved introduction of the 1-hydroxy group by a reduction of the 1, 2-epoxide generated by epoxidation of the 1, 4, 6-trien-3-one. The side chain on the steroid was then constructed by means of a Wittig reaction followed by introduction of the bond by standard methods and its protection with 1-phenyl-1, 2, 4-triazoline-3, 5-dione. Subsequent reduction of the hydroxy groups in the steroid side chain followed by reduction of the Diels-Alder addition products yielded the both 24-isomers. The 5, -dienes were irradiated and the corresponding vitamin D compounds isolated. Nuclear magnetic resonance was used to identify individual isomers. The (, 24S)-1, 24-hydroxyvitamin D₃ compound bound equally well to the chick intestinal cytosol receptor as 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃, while the 24R-isomer was approximately ten times less active. In vivo, both isomers were less active than 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ ; however, the 24S-isomer was considerably more active than the 24R-isomer approaching the activity of 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃.

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北海道内の小児科標榜施設施設を調査対象として, 細菌性髄膜炎に関する調査票を送付した. 施設のうち67施設から回答が得られ, 回収率は82.%であった. その中から院内感染例および原因菌や予後が不明な例を除外した名について検討した. 2000年の国勢調査をもとに算定した人口10万人あたりの罹患率は北海道全体として0-4歳が6.3, 5-歳で0., 0-歳で3.4であった. 原因菌の頻度はHaenrophilus influenzaeが51名 (61.4%) を占めており, ついでStreptococcus pneumoniaeが18名 (21.%), Streptococcus agalactiaeが名 (10.8%) , Escherichia coliが3名 (3.6%) で, Neisseria meningtidisの患者はいなかった. 患者の年齢は出生直後から歳に及んでいたが, 1歳未満が39名 (47.0%) とほぼ半数に達した. H. influenzaeでは51名中14名 (27.5%) が1歳未満であったが, 各年齢層で患者が認められた. S.pneumoniaeは1歳未満が18名中13名 (72.2%) を占めていた.S.agalaetiaeと

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. coliはすべて生後6カ月未満の児であった. 死亡した児は4名 (4.8%) で, H. influenzaeとS. pneumoniaeがそれぞれ2名ずつであった. 後遺症は20名 (24.1%) に認められた. 予後不良率はS. pneumoniaeは50.0%と高く, H. influenzaeは21.6%, S. agalactiaeは.%であった.

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Eight new sterols, 5α, 8α-epidioxy-(, 24R)-23-methylergosta-6, -dien-3β-ol (1), 3β, 5α, -trihydroxy-(, 24R)-23-methylergosta-, -dien-6-one (2), 3β, 5α, -trihydroxy-(24S)-ergost--en-6-one (3), 3β, 5α, , 14α-tetrahydroxy-(, 24R)-ergosta-, -dien-6-one (4), (, 24R)-ergosta-, -diene-3β, 5α, 6α, -tetrol (5), 5α, -epidioxy-3β-hydroxy-(, 24R)-ergosta-, -dien-6-one (6), 5α, -epidioxy-3β-hydroxy-(24S)-ergost--en-6-one () and 5α, 6α-epoxy-(, 24R)-ergosta-8, -diene-3β, , 14α-triol (8), have been isolated from five edible mushrooms, Lentinus edodes, Flammulina velutipes, Hypsizigus marmoreus, Pleurotus ostreatus and Pholiota nameko together with fifteen known ones (-23), of which two (16 and 17) are reported for the first time from a fungal source. The structures of these new compounds were elucidated on the basis of their spectral data.

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The numerical values of the intervals betrween optieal levels are competed for the configurations *⁹4s, 5s, 6s and s of Cu⁺, according to the general expression of energy-levels derived in the previous paper The self-consistent field radial functions computed by Hartree adn Hartree are used for1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p and 3d. Those of 4s, 5s, .s and are ealenlated from Hartree Hartree's core-functions by the numerical integrations. The calculated results are shown in Table I.The agreement with experiment is satisfactory

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