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Stimulative Effects of (
22E
,24R)-Ergosta-
7
,
22
-diene-3β,5α,
6β
-triol from Fruiting Bodies of Tricholoma auratum, on a Mouse Osteoblastic Cell Line, MC3T3-
E
1

Keishi Hata, Fuyuki Sugawara, Naganori Ohisa, Saori Takahashi, Kazuyuki Hori

Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin
2002年 25 巻 8 号 1040-1044
発行日: 2002年
公開日: 2002/08/01

DOI https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.25.1040

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We screened the differentiation-inducing activities of 39 mushroom extracts from Akita prefecture, Japan, on the mouse osteoblastic cell line, MC3T3-
E
1. Sixteen phosphate buffered saline (PBS), 8 boiled PBS, 14 ethanol and 12 methanol extracts induced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities, an indicator of MC3T3-
E
1 cell differentiation. The enzyme activities were markedly induced by extracts of Tricholoma auratum, and we isolated the active compound from methanol extracts of this mushroom. Physical data for the isolated active compound were identical to those for (
22E
,24R)-ergosta-
7
,
22
-diene-3β,5α,
6β
-triol (1). 1 induced ALP activities of MC3T3-
E
1 cells and promoted cell proliferation. To investigate the relationships between the chemical structure and differentiation-inducing activity of the compound, ALP-inducing activities of MC3T3-
E
1 cells by 1, ergosterol (2), ergocalciferol (3), cholesta-3β,5α,
6β
-triol (4),
7
-dehydrocholesterol (5) and cholecalciferol (
6
) were tested. The enzyme activities of MC3T3-
E
1 cells were increased 3.0-fold by 10 μM 1 and 2.4-fold by 10 μM 4. However, 2, 3, 5 and
6
did not induce MC3T3-
E
1 cell ALP activity at 0.1—10 μM. These results suggested that the OH groups at C-5 and/or C-
6
of 1 and 4 played an important role in their differentiation-inducing activities on MC3T3-
E
1 cells. Furthermore, 1 suppressed induction of MC3T3-
E
1 cell apoptosis by serum starvation.
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(
22E
, 24S)5α-Stigmasta-3,
22
-dien-
6
-one: An Intermediate of the Isomerization of (
22E
, 24S)-3α, 5-Cyclo-5α-stigmast-
22
-en-
6
-one into (
22E
, 24S)-5α-Stigmasta-2,
22
-dien-
6
-one

Suguru TAKATSUTO, Kiyomi KOBAYASHI, Tsuyoshi WATANABE, Hiroki KURIYAMA, Tokuo FURUSE

Agricultural and Biological Chemistry
1988年 52 巻 12 号 3217-3218
発行日: 1988年
公開日: 2006/04/05

DOI https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb1961.52.3217

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Photochemical Reaction of Ergosta-4,
6
, 8(14),
22
-tetraen-3-one

Nobutoshi TANAKA, Ken-ichi HOSOI, Daizo TANAKA, Mimei TAKAHASHI

Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin
1996年 44 巻 4 号 843-846
発行日: 1996/04/15
公開日: 2008/03/31

DOI https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.44.843

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Chemical properties of ergosta-4,
6
, 8(14),
22
-tetraen-3-one (1) were investigated. Though 1 is rather stable to acids or bases, it reacts easily with two moleculres of oxygen on irradiation with UV light to give
6α
,
9α
-epidioxy-14α-hydroperoxyergosta-4,
7
,
22
-trien-3-one (2), which is transformed successively to
6α
,
7α
;8α,
9α
-diepoxy-14α-hydroperoxyergosta-4,
22
-dien-3-one (3) and 14α-hydroperoxy-
9α
-hydroxyergosta-4,
7
,
22
-triene-3,
6
-dione (4) under these reaction conditions.
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An Efficient Preparation of (
22E
, 24S)-5α-Stigmasta-2,
22
-dien-
6
-one from (
22E
, 24S)-3α, 5-Cyclo-5α-stigmast-
22
-en-
6
-one

Tsuyoshi WATANABE, Hiroki KURIYAMA, Tokuo FURUSE, Kiyomi KOBAYASHI, Suguru TAKATSUTO

Agricultural and Biological Chemistry
1988年 52 巻 8 号 2117-2118
発行日: 1988年
公開日: 2006/04/05

DOI https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb1961.52.2117

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Interaction of Glycophorin with Lipid Bilayer Studied by Calorimetry, Densitometry, Static Light Scattering, and Electron Microscopy

Sen-fang Sui, Erich Sackmann

The Journal of Biochemistry
1992年 111 巻 1 号 129-138
発行日: 1992年
公開日: 2008/11/18

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In the first part of the present work the interaction of glycophorin with dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) is studied by freeze fracture electron microscopy, densitometry, calorimetry, and 90° static light scattering. An exothermic lipid/protein interaction energy of W_P=190 kJ•mol^-1 was found by application of the well known Van Laar relation for the displacement of the freezing point and the Gibbs-Duhem relationship. Secondly, the effects of Ca²⁺ on the lipid/protein interaction were studied. Following Ca²⁺ addition a remarkable decoupling of the interaction of the glycophorin head group with the bilayer surface was revealed by densitometry and gold-labeling electron microscopy. It is estimated that about
80
% of lipid once disturbed by the adsorption of glycophorin head groups is decoupled after addition of Ca²⁺. Thirdly, the selective interaction of glycophorin with binary lipid mixtures was studied, including the mixtures of DMPC with dimyristoylphosphatidylserine (DMPS) and dilauroylphosphatidylcholine (DLPC), and the mixture of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) with DLPC.
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A Monoclonal Antibody against Dolphin Lymphocytes (
6
E
9
) which Recognizes Bovine MHC Class II Antigens

Katsuaki SHIRAI, Takeo SAKAI, Momo FUKUDA, Tatsuya OIKE

Journal of Veterinary Medical Science
1998年 60 巻 3 号 291-293
発行日: 1998年
公開日: 2001/10/06

DOI https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.60.291

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A monoclonal antibody,
6
E
9
established from mice injected with dolphin peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) was characterized. In addition to its reactivity against
89
.4% of dolphin PBLs,
6
E
9
reacted with 33.1% of bovine PBLs of which
22
% were CD5 ⁺, 11.1% were CD5^-.
6
E
9
recognized a 34 kD protein on the surface of dolphin and bovine PBLs. Analysis of the protein's N-terminal amino acid sequence indicated that
6
E
9
recognizes bovine major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigens. These results suggested that
6
E
9
recognized MHC class II antigens on bovine PBLs. As we have already produced an anti-dolphin MHC class I monoclonal antibody, analysis of immune system using these monoclonal antibodies will advance our understanding of the evolution of the mammalian immune system.
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Sterol Constituents from Five Edible Mushrooms

Yasunori YAOITA, Keiko AMEMIYA, Hiroyuki OHNUMA, Katsuyuki FURUMURA, Akihiro MASAKI, Toshihiko MATSUKI, Masao KIKUCHI

Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin
1998年 46 巻 6 号 944-950
発行日: 1998/06/15
公開日: 2008/03/31

DOI https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.46.944

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Eight new sterols, 5α, 8α-epidioxy-(
22
E
, 24R)-23-methylergosta-
6
,
22
-dien-3β-ol (1), 3β, 5α,
9α
-trihydroxy-(
22
E
, 24R)-23-methylergosta-
7
,
22
-dien-
6
-one (2), 3β, 5α,
9α
-trihydroxy-(24S)-ergost-
7
-en-
6
-one (3), 3β, 5α,
9α
, 14α-tetrahydroxy-(
22
E
, 24R)-ergosta-
7
,
22
-dien-
6
-one (4), (
22
E
, 24R)-ergosta-
7
,
22
-diene-3β, 5α,
6α
,
9α
-tetrol (5), 5α,
9α
-epidioxy-3β-hydroxy-(
22
E
, 24R)-ergosta-
7
,
22
-dien-
6
-one (
6
), 5α,
9α
-epidioxy-3β-hydroxy-(24S)-ergost-
7
-en-
6
-one (
7
) and 5α,
6α
-epoxy-(
22
E
, 24R)-ergosta-8,
22
-diene-3β,
7β
, 14α-triol (8), have been isolated from five edible mushrooms, Lentinus edodes, Flammulina velutipes, Hypsizigus marmoreus, Pleurotus ostreatus and Pholiota nameko together with fifteen known ones (
9
-23), of which two (16 and 17) are reported for the first time from a fungal source. The structures of these new compounds were elucidated on the basis of their spectral data.
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Purines. L. Synthesis and Antileukemic Activity of the Antibiotic Guanine
7
-Oxide and Its
9
-Substituted Derivatives

小川和男, 西井正廣, 稲垣甚一郎, 野原富士夫, 斎藤徹, 板谷泰助, 藤井澄三

Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin
1992年 40 巻 2 号 343-350
発行日: 1992/02/25
公開日: 2008/03/31

DOI https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.40.343

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A full account is given of the first chemical synthesis of the antitumor antibiotic guanine
7
-oxide (5) and its
9
-substituted derivatives (24a-k and 26). Coupling of appropriate primary amines (17a-
e
, g-k) with phanecyl bromide (16) produced, after treatment with HCl, the corresponding N-substituted phenacylamine hydrochlorides (18a-
e
, g-k). A similar phenacylation of 4-amino-1-butanol (21) failed to give the desired compound 18f, so that 21 was heated with 2-bromomethyl-2-phenyl-1, 3-dioxolane (20) at 150-155°C for 3h to furnish, after treatment with HCl, the amino ketal hydrochloride
22
in 40% yield. Deketalization of
22
with hot 2N aqueous HCl afforded 18f in
96
% yield. Condensations of the free bases, generated in situ from the hydrochlorides 18a-l and 1N aqueous NaOH, with the chloropyrimidinone
6
were effected in aqueous EtOH at the boiling point for 20 min or at 25-30°C for 3-24h, giving the
6
-phenacylamino-4-pyrimidinones 19a-l in 54-90% yields. On treatment with 2N aqueous NaOH at room temperature for 10-60 min, the nitropyrimidinones 19a-k cyclized to provide the
9
-substituted guanine
7
-oxides 24a-k in 61-98% yields. A similar alkali-treatment of 19l failed to yield guanine
7
-oxide (5). However, removal of the
9
-(arylmethyl) group from 24i-k was effected with conc, H₂SO₄ at room temperature for 1-3h in the presence of toluene, producing the target N-oxide 5 in 56-
89
% yields. In the in vitro bioassay of antileukemic activity against murine L5178Y cells, none of the
9
-substituted guanine
7
-oxides (24a-k and 26) was more effective than the parent, natural N-oxide 5. Within this series, however, the benzyl analogues 24g-k with or without alkoxy functions were more cytotoxic, with IC₅₀'s of 13.0-48.0μg/ml, than the alkyl analogues 24a-f.
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Sterol Constituents from Seven Mushrooms

Yasunori YAOITA, Makiko ENDO, Yoshino TANI, Kaori MACHIDA, Keiko AMEMIYA, Katsuyuki FURUMURA, Masao KIKUCHI

Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin
1999年 47 巻 6 号 847-851
発行日: 1999/06/15
公開日: 2008/03/31

DOI https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.47.847

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Six new sterols, 5α,
6α
;8α,
9α
-diepoxy-(
22
E
, 24R)-ergost-
22
-ene-3β,
7α
-diol (1), 5α,
6α
;8α,
9α
-diepoxy-(
22
E
, 24R)-ergost-
22
-ene-3β,
7β
-diol (2), 5α,
6α
-epoxy-(
22
E
, 24R)-ergosta-8,
22
-diene-3β,
7β
-diol (3), (
22
E
, 24R)-23-methylergosta-
7
,
22
-diene-3β, 5α,
6β
-triol (4), (
22
E
, 24R)-23-methulergosta-
7
,
22
-diene-3β, 5α,
6β
,
9α
-tetrol (5) and (24S)-ergost-
7
-ene-3β, 5α,
6β
,
9α
-tetrol (
6
), have been isolated from seven mushrooms, Amanita pantherina, Amantia virgineoides, Lactarius piperatus, Lyophyllum shimeji, Tricholoma portentosum, Hypsizigus marmoreus and Lentinula edodes together with eighteen known ones (
7
-24). The structures of these new compounds were elucidated on the basis of their spectral data.
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Distribution of Novel Nonmethylene-Interrupted Fatty Acids over Neutral and Polar Lipids of Ophiuroidea (Brittle Star)

Daisuke SATO, Yasuhiro ANDO

Journal of Oleo Science
2002年 51 巻 8 号 563-567
発行日: 2002年
公開日: 2002/09/26

DOI https://doi.org/10.5650/jos.51.563

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Fatty acid compositions of neutral lipids (NL) and polar lipids (PL) have been analyzed for a unique sample of Ophiuroidea (brittle star) Ophiura sarsi containing novel nonmethylene-interruped (NMI) fatty acids,
7E
,
13E
-icosadienoic (20:2),
7E
,
13E
,17Z-icosatrienoic (20:3),
9E
,
15E
,19Z-docosatrienoic (
22
:3), and 4Z,
9E
,
15E
,19Z-docosatetraenoic (
22
:4) acids. All of the NMI fatty acids were concentrated in NL (mainly triacylglycerols) rather than in PL (mainly phosphatidylcholines and phosphatidylethanolamines). On the other hand,
6
,
9
,12,15,18,21-tetracosahexaenoic acid (24:
6
n-3) usually observed in Ophiuroidea lipids was found in PL at higher concentration than in NL. Biological property and origin of the novel NMI fatty acids appear to be different from those of 24:
6
n-3.

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N-n-ヘキシル-, N-シクロヘキシル-, N-ベンジル-マレイミドの重合・共重合

大石勉, 木村規

高分子論文集
1976年 33 巻 11 号 685-691
発行日: 1976/11/25
公開日: 2010/02/26

DOI https://doi.org/10.1295/koron.33.685

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N-n-ヘキシル-マレイミド (I), N-シクロヘキシル-マレイミド (II), N-ベンジル-マレイミド (III) の単独重合, 共重合をアゾビスイソブチロニトリル (IV) を開始剤としてテトラヒドロフラン中, 60℃で行った. 単独重合の初速度 (R_p) はR_p=k [I] ^2.5 [IV] ^{0.80
, R_p=>k [II] ^2.8 [IV] ^{0.80
, R_p=>k [III] ^{2.7
[IV] ^0.54となった. kは速度定数である. 全重合の活性化エネルギー (E
), 頻度係数 (A) はE
=22
.8kcal/mol (I), 22
.2kcal/mol (II), 24.1kcal/mol (III), A=9
.5×10¹¹ (I), 6
.4×10¹¹ (II), 6
.6
×10¹² (III) となった. またN-置換マレイミドとメタクリル酸メチル (V) との共重合におけるモノマー反応性比r₁, r₂およびQ, e
値を次のように決定した. I (M₁) -V (M₂) 系でr₁=0.17, r₂=2.02, Q₁=0.56, e₁
=1.43, II (M₁) -V (M₂) 系でr₁=0.13, r₂=2.29, Q₁=0.50, e₁
=1.50, III (M₁) -V (M₂) 系でr₁=0.14, r₂=1.54, Q₁=0.79, e₁=1.63となった.
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22
a-
E
-
9
flavor混合力の性質

伊藤大介

日本物理学会講演概要集
1997年 52.2.1 巻 22a-E-9
発行日: 1997/09/02
公開日: 2018/03/04

DOI https://doi.org/10.11316/jpsgaiyo.52.2.1.0_10_4

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Crystal Structure of 11,12,23,24-Tetradehydro-5,
6
,
9
,10,17,18,21,
22
-octahydro-
7H
,19H-dibenzo[
e
,o][1,11]dioxacycloeicosin-
7
,19-dione

Pablo WESSIG, Charlotte PICK, Burkhard ZIEMER

Analytical Sciences: X-ray Structure Analysis Online
2006年 22 巻 x267-x268
発行日: 2006年
公開日: 2006/12/15

DOI https://doi.org/10.2116/analscix.22.x267

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The title compound, bearing a twenty-membered ring, was synthesized by macrolactonization of a hydroxy carboxylic acid. The structure was investigated by X-ray crystallography. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P2₁/c. In the crystal, two remarkable kinds of interactions between two ester groups and between two arylacetylene moieties were detected.
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Sterol Constituents from the Fruit Bodies of Grifola frondosa (FR.) S. F. Gray

Takaaki ISHIZUKA, Yasunori YAOITA, Masao KIKUCHI

Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin
1997年 45 巻 11 号 1756-1760
発行日: 1997/11/15
公開日: 2008/03/31

DOI https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.45.1756

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Four new sterols, 5α,
6α
-epoxy-(
22
E
, 24R)-ergosta-8(14),
22
-diene-3β,
7β
-diol (1), (
22
E
, 24R)-ergosta-8,
22
-diene-3β, 5α,
6β
,
7α
-tetrol (2), (
22
E
, 24R)-ergosta-
7
,
9
(11),
22
-triene-3β, 5α,
6β
-triol (3) and 3β, 5α,
6β
-trihydroxy-(
22
E
, 24R)-ergost-
22
-en-
7
-one (4), have been isolated from the fruit bodies of Grifola frondosa (FR.) S. F. GRAY (Polyporaceae)together with fourteen known ones (5-18), of which two (5 and
6
) are reported for the first time from a natural source. The structures of these compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectral data.
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New Sterols and Triterpenoids from Four Edible Mushrooms¹⁾

Yasunori YAOITA, Kaori MATSUKI, Takeyoshi IIJIMA, Satomi NAKANO, Rie KAKUDA, Koichi MACHIDA, Masao KIKUCHI

Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin
2001年 49 巻 5 号 589-594
発行日: 2001年
公開日: 2002/04/26

DOI https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.49.589

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Four edible mushrooms, Panellus serotinus, Lepista nuda, Tricholoma matsutake and Naematoloma sublateritium, have been investigated chemically. Two new sterols, 5α,
9α
-epidioxy-(
22
E
)-ergosta-
7
,
22
-diene-3β,
6α
-diol (1) and 5α,
9α
-epidioxy-(
22
E
)-ergosta-
7
,
22
-diene-3β,
6β
-diol (2), have been isolated from Panellus serotinus. Compound 2 was also isolated from Lepista nuda. A new sterol, 3β, 5α,
9α
, 14β-tetrahydroxy-(
22
E
)-ergosta-
7
,
22
-dien-
6
-one (3), and compound 2 have been isolated from Tricholoma matsutake. Three new triterpenoids, sublateriols A-C (4-
6
), have been isolated from Naematoloma sublateritium. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated on the basis of their spectral data.
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Antibacterial Sphingolipid and Steroids from the Black Coral Antipathes dichotoma

Sultan Samran Al-Lihaibi, Seif-Eldin Nasr Ayyad, Fekry Shaher, Walied Mohamed Alarif

Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin
2010年 58 巻 12 号 1635-1638
発行日: 2010/12/01
公開日: 2010/12/01

DOI https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.58.1635

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From the black coral Antipathies dichotoma, a sphingolipid (2S*,3S*,
4E
,
8E
)-2N-[tetradecanoyl]-4(
E
),8(
E
)-icosadiene-1,3-diol (1) and a steroid (
22E
)-methylcholesta-5,
22
-diene-1α,3β,
7α
-triol (2) were isolated. Other known compounds, 3β,
7α
-dihydroxy-cholest-5-ene (3), (
22E
,24S),5α,8α-epidioxy-24-methylcholesta-
6
,
22
-dien-3β-ol (4) and (
22E
,24S),5α,8α-epidioxy-24-methylcholesta-
6
,
9
(11),
22
-trien-3β-ol (5). The structures were established on the basis of NMR spectroscopic analysis and comparison with literature. The antibacterial activity of five compounds was evaluated.
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ANALYSIS OF LANDSLIDES DURING THE 1978 IZU-OHSHIMA-KINKAI EARTHQUAKE

石原研而, 長尾哲

土質工学会論文報告集
1983年 23 巻 1 号 19-37
発行日: 1983/03/15
公開日: 2008/02/29

DOI https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.23.19

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Using the so-called pseudo-static method, a stability analysis was made for the mountain slide that took place at Mitake-iriya village at the time of the Izu-Ohshima-Kinkai earthquake of January 14, 1978. Undisturbed samples of volcanic clay were obtained in blocks from the exposed surface of the deposit identified to have been the sliding surface. The partially saturated clay samples were tested under consolidated undrained conditions using the triaxial test equipment. Dynamic axial stresses with irregular time histories were applied to the specimens in combination with statically sustained axial stresses to determine the soil strength under the conditions simulating in-situ states of stress during the earthquake. The results of the tests were expressed in terms of the Mohr-Coulomb type failure criterion which showed that, while the angle of internal friction remained almost unchanged, the cohesion component in irregular loading increased above values obtained in the static loading. Using the strength parameters thus determined, a pseudo-static analysis was made to check the stability of the soil masses that had actually slid during the 1978 earthquake. The maximum horizontal acceleration required to cause the slide was computed. The computed accelerations were shown to cover a range between 400 and 500 gals which is consistent with the range estimated by other investigators on the basis of overturning of tombstones in the vicinity of the slide area.
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蛍光測定法による尿中Estrogensの臨床的研究

第II編青年者,老年者,各種内分泌疾患患者および肝疾患患者におけるEstrogens排泄値について

永浜勤

関西医科大学雑誌
1966年 18 巻 3 号 195-208
発行日: 1966/12/20
公開日: 2013/02/19

DOI https://doi.org/10.5361/jkmu1956.18.3_195

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Urinary estrogens (
E
) were determined by means of fluorimetric method described previously in normal young adults and normal aged adults of both sex as well as in patients with pituitary-adrenocortical disorders, gonadal disease and chronic liver disease, totalling
80
subjects. Each fraction of estrone (EO), estradiol (ED) and estriol (ET)was measured in every subjects. In a part of them, in where ACTH-test with daily injections of 20 units ACTH-Z for 3 days, suppression test with Dexamethasone and Gonadotropin test were performed, change of urinary excretion on estrogens was also studied. The results obtained from thus measured 222 times totally are summerized as follows.
1) In 8 subjects of normal young adult males(20-28 years old), the mean of daily excretion of urinary total estrogens (
E
) and its standard deviation (SD) were found to be 16.35×5.03μg(EO: 3.03×1.69μg, ED: 2.63×1.73μg and ET: 10.58×
2.96μg
). The mean and its SD of daily excretion per 1 m2 of body surface area, measured in
6
out of 8 sublects, was
7
.32×3.82μg. The means and their SD of total
E
in
7
normal young menstruating femals (20~34 years old) during follicular phase and luteal phase were 23.07×12.2μg(EO: 5.97×3.10μg, ED: 4.31×2.08μg and ET: 13.21×4.39μg)and 41.55×14.40μg(EO: 12.73×2.50μg, ED:
7
.
89
×3.40μg and ET: 21.00×5.45μg)respectively. The mean and the SD in 8 normal aged males(70-84years old)was
9
.88×4.73μg for total
E
(EO: 1.51×
0.80μg
, ED: 1.77×1.35μg and ET:
6
.60×3.47μg)with a conversion value per 1 m² of body surface area as
7
.32×3.82μg which was calculated in 5 out of 8 subjects. The means and their SD in 8 normal aged feamles(69-84 years old)was 8.45×3.12μg for total
E
(EO: 1.56×1.34μg, ED: 1.90×1.52μg and ET: 5.00×2.73μg)and
7
.18×3.26μg for
E
excretion per 1 m² of body surface area calculated in 5 out of 8 subjects.
2) A change of total
E
excretion was observed on ACTH-test in 2 normal young males, which illustrated that the daily excretions orderly increased by injection of ACTH with the maximum value being on the third day and rapid return to the preinjected value after discontinuation of the injection. The minimum, maximum and average values of the sum of amount of increases on the second and the third days of ACTH injection were 15.1μg,116.1μg and
49.9μg
respectively in normal adult males,31.4μg,
96.6μg
and 50.0μg espectively in 5 normal menstruating females,8.3μg 37.5μg and
24.6μg
respectively in 5 normal aged males and
6.4μg
,4.97μg and 19.1μg respectively in 4 normal aged females.
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Synthesis and Biological Activity of (
22
E
, 24R)- and (
22
E
, 24S)-1α, 24-Dihydroxy-
22
-dehydrovitamin D₃

斉洋之, 高津戸秀, 池川信夫, 田中洋子, スミスコニー, デルカ F.ヘクター

Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin
1984年 32 巻 10 号 3866-3872
発行日: 1984/10/25
公開日: 2008/03/31

DOI https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.32.3866

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Chemical synthesis of (
22
E
, 24R)- and (
22
E
, 24S)-1, 24-dihydroxy-
Δ²²
-vitamin D₃ has been achieved starting with the commercially available dinorcholenic acid acetate. Synthesis involved introduction of the 1-hydroxy group by a reduction of the 1, 2-epoxide generated by epoxidation of the 1, 4,
6
-trien-3-one. The side chain on the steroid was then constructed by means of a Wittig reaction followed by introduction of the
Δ⁷
bond by standard methods and its protection with 1-phenyl-1, 2, 4-triazoline-3, 5-dione. Subsequent reduction of the hydroxy groups in the steroid side chain followed by reduction of the Diels-Alder addition products yielded the both 24-isomers. The 5,
7
-dienes were irradiated and the corresponding vitamin D compounds isolated. Nuclear magnetic resonance was used to identify individual isomers. The (
22
E
, 24S)-1, 24-hydroxyvitamin D₃ compound bound equally well to the chick intestinal cytosol receptor as 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃, while the 24R-isomer was approximately ten times less active. In vivo, both isomers were less active than 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ ; however, the 24S-isomer was considerably more active than the 24R-isomer approaching the activity of 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃.
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DETERMINATION OF THE SHEAR STRENGTH PARAMETERS ASSOCIATED WITH MUDFLOWS

Luis
E
. VALLEJO, VINCENT A. SCOVAZZO

地盤工学会論文報告集
2003年 43 巻 2 号 129-133
発行日: 2003/04/15
公開日: 2008/02/29

DOI https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.43.2_129

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When a mudflow moves down a slope, the gravity induced shear stress, τ, is opposed by the combined effect of the undrained shear strength, c_u, of the mud, and its viscosity, η, which is associated with the velocity gradient in the mudflow, dv/dy. In equation form this can be expressed as : τ= c_u+η(dv/dy). The resistance provided by the mud involves the contribution of both c_u and η. For an understanding of the mobilization mechanics of mudflows, one needs then these two parameters. This study describes two methods that can be used to determine these parameters. The c_u of the muds is measured using a cylinder-strength meter devise. The technique associated with this devise consists in lowering a cylinder of known dimension and weight into a mud sample, measuring the depth of penetration of the cylinder into the mud, and calculating the strength, c_u, of the mud required to support the solid cylinder at that depth. The c_u of the mud is calculated using Sokolovski's theory designed to calculate the indentation pressures developed by a Tresca plastic when a cylinder penetrates it. The determination of the viscosity, η, of the mud is obtained from either the velocity measurements of the free surface of the mudflow, or from the difference between the velocity of the free surface of the mudflow and its velocity at the interface between the mudflow and the surface on which it moves. The viscosity η is obtained from a relationship that relates these velocities with η.
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