From the fronds of Polystichum tripteron (KUNZE) P_R. a new norcarotenoid glycoside was isolated and shown to be (R, , R)--hydroxy-megastigma-, -dien-3-one--O-β--glucoside. The fronds of Dennstaedtia wilfordii (MOORE) CHRIST. contain the same glucoside.

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One method currently being considered for the disposal of high level radio-active waste is burial in the seabed. When a hot object is buried in soil, the temperature of the soil adjacent to the object is raised and there is transient heat flow away from the object. The rise in the temperature of the soil causes excess pore pressures to be generated and transient pore water diffusion also takes place. A finite element formulation of the coupled heat flow and consolidation problem is presented. The computer implementation of this formulation is found to compare favourably with analytical solutions based on the same physical principles.

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Stereoselective synthesis of , - and , Z-β-ionylideneacetaldehydes was accomplished from the β-ionone tricarbonyl iron complex, and the latter was converted to Z-retinoic acid.

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A new analytical method is proposed for determining the inextensible grid reinforcement pullout resistance and pullout force/pullout displacement curve by using basic backfill soil and grid reinforcement properties. The pullout skin friction resistance/pullout displacement relationship is simulated by linear elastic-perfectly plastic model. A hyperbolic model has been proposed to represent the pullout bearing resistance/pullout displacement relationship in which the maximum bearing resistance of a single bearing member is determined using a new bearing capacity equation proposed in this paper. The influences of the grid bearing member spacing ratio, S/, the bearing member deflection rigidity, and the pullout softening behavior on the mobilization of pullout bearing resistance are explicitly included in the proposed model. Good agreement has been obtained between calculated values and laboratory test results.

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Two new partially saturated tricyclic ring systems, , a, , 8, , 10, 10a, 11-octahydro-11-oxodibenz [, ] oxepins (3a and 3), and -thiepins (a and ) were synthesized. Compounds a and were desulfurized to give a pair of isomeric -methylbenzoylcyclohexanes (10a and 10). Deuterated a and (11a and 11) were prepared starting from butadiene- (12). The stereochemical features of 3a (trans), 3 (cis), a (trans) and (cis) are compared with those of 10a, 10, 11a and 11 on the basis of proton nuclear magnetic resonance data.

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(,)-,3-エポキシ-3,,11,11-テトラメチルシクロウンデカ-,-ジエン()をフムレン((,,)-3,,11,11-テトラメチルシクロウンデカ-,,-トリエン)より合成する既知の合成法は実際に牧率が低く合成的に問題がある.さらに,の合成はその反応性や物性の研究のために簡単に高牧率で行われることが望まれる.今回,の新たな合成法と簡便な精製法を見いだし,を高牧率でから合成することができたので報告する.のジエポキシ化,続く再結晶により得られたジエポキシド(8)は二価のチタンにより還元されて,(273%)と8(25%)と少量の3を含むを主生成物(42.%)として与えた.と3は原料として再利用できる.の精製はと同様硝酸銀(AgNO₃)錯体の結晶で行い,純粋なはから通算牧率32.0%で得られた.の既知方法による合成は段階の反応と数回のカラム分離及び10%AgNO₃含浸シリカゲルカラム分離を必要とし牧率が極端に低い.今回,新しいの合成法は段階の反応で回のカラム分離と再結晶により高い通算牧率を示す.

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11-Amino-, a, , 8, , 10, 10a, 11-octahydrodibebenzo[, ]thiepines (a-) and -oxepines (a-) were synthesized by the Leuckart reaction of , a, , 8, , 10, 10a, 11-octahydro-11-oxodibenzo[, ]thiepines (a, )and -oxepines (a, ) followed by hydrolysis of the reaction products a- and a-, respectively. The four diastereomers, cis(a-H, 10a-H)-cis(10a-H, 11-H) a and a, cis(a-H, 10a-H)-trans(10a-H, 11-H) and , trans(a-H, 10a-H)-trans(10a-H, 11a-H) and , and trans(a-H, 10a-H)-cis(10a-H, 11-H) and , were isolated and their configurations and conformations were elucidated by chemical methods together with

1H

-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic and X-ray crystallographic analyses.

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The present paper aims at developing a simplified model for a stress-strain relationship at small strains up to an initial yielding of homogeneous saturated frozen sand. The modelling of elastic moduli for an ice-sand mixture as a composite geomaterial is first introduced based on previous studies, where a saturated frozen sand is treated as the icesand mixture. The applicability of modelling the elastic moduli under constant temperature is then discussed from the theoretical and experimental points of view. In addition, the hyperbolic stress-strain modelling of saturated frozen sand at small strain is presented. The effect of the volume fraction of sand, stiffness of sand inclusion and temperature changes on the elastic moduli and the stress-strain behaviour up to about -% axial strain, which is defined as an upper yield stress, are investigated through the model, whose applicability is verified in comparison with the experimental data.

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A biosynthetic pathway for (

)-methyl cinnamate formation was evaluated in Tricholoma matsutake by tracer experiments using

13C

- and

2H

-labeled precursors. One hundred percent selective

13C

incorporation was observed when L-[

1

,

2

,3,

4

,

5

,

6

,

7

,8,

9

-

13C₉

, ^15/N]phenylalanine was converted to (

E

)-[

1

,

2

,3,

4

,

5

,

6

,

7

,8,

9

-

13C₉

]cinnamate and (

E

)-[

1

,

2

,3,

4

,

5

,

6

,

7

,8,

9

-

13C₉

]methyl cinnamate. Similarly, 100% selective

13C

incorporation was observed when (

E

)-[

1

,

2

,3,

4

,

5

,

6

,

7

,8,

9

-

13C₉

]cinnamate was converted to (

E

)-[

1

,

2

,3,

4

,

5

,

6

,

7

,8,

9

-

13C₉

]methyl cinnamate. In contrast, the

2H

incorporation selectivities were 82.

1

% and

81

.

4

% when L-[

2

,3,

4

,

5

,

6

,

7

,

7

,8-

2H₈

]phenylalanine was converted to (

E

)-[

2

,3,

4

,

5

,

6

,

7

,8-

2H₇

]cinnamate and (

E

)-[

2

,3,

4

,

5

,

6

,

7

,8-

2H₇

]methyl cinnamate, respectively. Thus, T. matsutake synthesizes (

E

)-methyl cinnamate from L-phenylalanine via (

E

)-cinnamate. (

E

)-cinnamate was likely formed through two pathways: one was major and the other was a minor.

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The main objective of this paper is to compare safety factors obtained from Morgenstern-Price, Janbu and Spencer methods with the factors calculated from the modified variational approach (Leshchinsky and Huang, 1992a). Such comparison is essential since there is no mathematical proof that the variational analysis indeed yields a minimum and thus, physically produce significant results. The safety factors compared well, indicating the variational analysis is on a par with acceptable existing rigorous methods. Availability of a user-friendly computer code may make the variational analysis useful to practicing engineers. However, its greatest potential at the moment is in 3- applications; i.., unlike other methods, its extension to 3- is straightforward.

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The small strain stiffness and anisotropic nature of two sands with different geological origin have been determined via laboratory seismic tests performed in a triaxial cell. Dry triaxial reconstituted specimens of Ticino river silica sand (TS) and of Kenya carbonatic sand (KS) were subjected to isotropic and anisotropic states of effective stress ; then both shear and constrained compression waves were propagated in vertical, horizontal and oblique directions by means of five couples of piezoelectric transducers especially arranged in the specimens. The propagated compression and shear waves allow the assessment of the constrained M₀ and shear G₀ moduli respectively, at very small strains where, as a first approximation many soils can be assumed, from an engineering point of view, to behave as an elastic cross-anisotropic medium with a vertical axis of symmetry. This paper, after a brief description of the novel measuring technique adopted and of the tested materials, summarises the test results and their interpretation in order to separate the effects of the fabric anisotropy from those produced by the state of effective stresses on soil stiffness. The stiffness and anisotropic response of the two tested sands are compared. Finally the results enable us to establish five independent constants of the cross-anisotropic elasticity model, which appears to be appropriate to reproduce the behaviour at small strain of the two sands.

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The ability of Climacodon septentrionalis to immobilize and kill a mycophagous nematode (Aphelenchoides sp.) in vitro is described for the first time. Two isolates produced droplets (20–45 μm in diameter) that formed at the apices of tall, stalked, and branching secretory cells (700–

,500 μm tall). On % modified malt extract agar, nematodes became enveloped in the droplets, which restricted their ability to move and resulted in complete immobilization and death within several hours of contact. The rate of decomposition of the nematodes varied considerably, with most individuals persisting for weeks whereas others were degraded within several days and appeared to be colonized by dense hyphal growth. This study provides the first documentation of a non-agaricoid fungus producing secretory cells that are able to immobilize nematodes.

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As a fundamental study on dibenzothiepins, reaction of 11-phenyl-, 11-dihydrodibenzo [, ] thiepin-11-ol (10) or 11-chloro-11-phenyl-, 11-dihydrodibenzo [, ] thiepin (14) with triphenylmethyl cation or was examined under various conditions. 11-Phenyl-, 11-dihydrodibenzo [, ] thiepin-11-ylium salt (8) was isolated as a black powder (perchlorate) and a green powder (hexachloroantimonate), but salt was obtained only as a solution. Treatment of the hexachloroantimonate with excess of was found to result in a novel dehydrocyclization reaction to give selectively , 13-dihydrofluoreno [, a, -, ] []-benzothiepin-13-ylium hexachloroantimonate (19). Some discussions were made on the mechanism of the formation of 19.

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Activity-directed isolation of the ethyl acetate, methylene chloride and n-hexane fractions of Gloiopeltis furcata resulted in the isolation of 18 compounds. Their structures were elucidated as -(3-hydroxy--oxotetrahydrofuran-3-yl)acetic acid (), glutaric acid (), succinic acid (3), nicotinic acid (), ()--hydroxyhex--enoic acid (), cholesterol (), -hydroxycholesterol (), uridine (8), glycerol (), -(hydroxymethyl)--methoxybenzene-,3-diol (10), (,)--oxodeca-,-dienoic acid (11), (Z)-3-ethylidene--methylpyrrolidine-,-dione (12), dehydrovomifoliol (13), loliolide (14), cholesteryl stearate (15), palmitic acid (16), cis-,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid (17) and α-linolenic acid (18) on the basis of spectroscopic and chemical evidences. Their anticholinesterase and antioxidant activities were evaluated via inhibitory activities on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) as well as scavenging activities on ,-diphenyl--picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and peroxynitrite (ONOO⁻). All isolated compounds (—18) exhibited moderate AChE inhibitory activities with IC₅₀ values ranging from .14—12.50 μg/ml, whereas , , , 17, and 18 showed mild BChE inhibitory activities with IC₅₀ values ranging from .57—15.89 μg/ml. Although most of the compounds isolated were lacking the scavenging activity on DPPH radical and ONOO⁻, and 10 showed good DPPH radical scavenging activity, and , 10, and 16 showed potent ONOO⁻ scavenging activity.

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A procedure for limit equilibrium slope analysis based on a realistic consideration of the mobilized interslice shear forces is presented in this paper. This new approach ensures that solutions are kinematically admissible and the possibility of convergence problems, often associated with numerical solutions, is minimized. The proposed approach recognizes the importance of slip surface geometry in estimating interslice shear forces whether vertical or non-vertical slices are used in a limit equilibrium analysis. Illustrative examples are presented and the results shown to be reasonable. The calculated factors of safety based on the new method compare very well with values based on recognized methods of analysis. Yet the method is more direct and enables a proper visualization of the transfer of mobilized normal and shear forces through a sloping soil mass above a potential slip surface. The method also gives consistent results with non-vertical slices even if the shape of non-vertical slices is varied.

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Agaricus blazei is an important fungus for producing bioactive compounds. There are some reports of polysaccharides and steroid derivatives from the fruiting bodies of A. blazei. However, the chemical examination of the secondary metabolites of the cultured mycelia of this species has not been reported. Eight compounds, an unprecedented skeleton have been isolated from the cultured mycelia of A. blazei. The structures of the novel compounds each named blazeispirols A (), (), (3), (), () X(), Y () and Z (8) were confirmed by extensive and NMR spectral data and X-ray analysis. Blazeispirols A (), (), (3), () and () were des-A-ergostane type compounds having spiroacetal structure as a side chain. Blazeispirols X () and Y () were determined to be (20S, S, 23R, 24S)- (10→) abeo-14β, :, 25-diepoxyergosta-,,,11-tetraene-3α,23-diol and (20S, S, 23R, 24S)-14β,:,25-diepoxy-,23-dihydroxyergosta-,,11-triene-3,-dione by comparison of extensive and NMR spectral data with that of blazeispirol A. The biosynthesis of blazeispirol A was investigated by feeding ^<13>-labeled acetates and methionine to the growing cultures of A. blazei. The labeling patterns of derived from singly and doubly ^<13>-labeled acetates were consistent with that of ergosterol reported previously except for the A-ring and then ^<14>-labeled ergosterol was incorporated into blazeispirol A. Taking the structures of blazeispirols Z and into consideration, it can be assumed that blazeispirol A is biosynthesized from ergosterol by the cleavage of -, - and -, -10 bonds on retro aldol condensation and Michael reaction via such as intermediate A as shown in Fig. . A large number of ergostane-type steroids have been isolated from many fungi. However, blazeispirol A is the first example of a naturally occurring des-A-ergostane-type steroid including a spiroacetal structure moiety as a side chain.

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わが国における主要中晩生および香酸カンキツ染色体のクロモマイシンA₃ (CMA) 染色を行った. 染色体はCMA(+) バンドの有無および位置から種類に区分できた. すなわち, CMA(+) をA: 両端および動原体近傍に有する, : 一方の端部と動原体近傍に有する, : 両端に有する, : 一方の端部に有する, : CMA(+) がない, である. 各種はこれらのうち, 種類の染色体を有し, 独自のCMAバンドパターンを示した. ハッサクではA++8+8, ヒュウガナツではA+++, ‘川野なつだいだい’ではA+++8, ‘宮内伊予柑’ではA+++8+, タンカン‘垂水号’ではA+++8+, カボスでは3+++8, スダチでは+++およびユズ‘山根’では++11+であった. 以上の結果, 本研究においても近縁の種間では似通ったCMAバンドパターンが観察された.

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