The stability of

‒tetrahydrocannabinol acetate (‒THC‒OAc) and ‒tetrahydrocannabinol acetate (‒THC‒OAc) in -liquid during storage was investigated. ‒THC‒OAc liquids in cartridges were stored at 80℃ or 30℃ for 28 days. The relative concentrations of cannabinoids in the liquids were measured by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. ‒THC‒OAc decreased during storage at either temperature. ‒THC, a minor impurity, also decreased. ‒THC‒OAc liquid in a cartridge was stored at 80℃ for 57 days. The concentration of ‒THC‒OAc and ‒THC, a minor impurity, did not change during that time. Cannabinol acetate increased in all liquids, and unknown products were also detected by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The ‒THC‒OAc and ‒THC‒OAc liquids were subjected to GC/MS to detect representative diluents, glycerol, propylene glycol, and polyethylene glycol 400, but none of these were detected.

抄録全体を表示

Repetitive liquefactions in angular and subangular gravels from an alluvial fan, in the case of two earthquakes with accelerations lower than that of a former which had caused liquefaction some months before, are described. The liquefaction took place from the surface, down to a depth of approximately 10 m. Water laden with sediments spouted out for some tens of minutes after the strong motion ceased. Knowledge of the grain size distribution of the sediments inside the body of the alluvial fan roughly defines the areas of the fan prone to future liquefaction. Non-repetitive liquefaction in overconsolidated fine fluvio-lacustrine sand of glacial origin at the unusual depth of 14 m to 16 m is also described. From the observation of sand lifted up for 10 m inside a large diameter well, and of that which spouted out from several microvents, it was estimated that extra-pore pressure was close to lithostatic conditions. Nevertheless, modeling of intrinsic pore pressure buildup on the DESRA2 programme gives lower values than the experimental one. Geotechnical characteristics of the 12 m-thick sandy stratum indicate that the upper part is unusually soft, either due to water circulation or past repetitive liquefactions which prevented reconsolidation. It is suggested that excess pore pressure generated by the earthquake was also due to redistribution of pressure from adjacent sediments.

抄録全体を表示

 We examined the stability of

-tetrahydrocannabinol acetate (-THC-OAc) and -tetrahydrocannabinol acetate (-THC-OAc) in -liquid products. Eight samples were heated at 30℃ for 28 days and one of them was heated at 70℃ for 2, 4, , 10, and 15 days. Residual ratios of -THC-OAc and -THC-OAc were evaluated by gas chromatography with flame ion detection and their degradation products were examined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Some samples were tested for solubility in hexane and were submitted to GC/MS analysis to detect propylene glycol and glycerol. After a 28-day incubation at 30℃, -THC-OAc was slightly decomposed (residual ratio: 84.5–.2%) but -THC-OAc was almost stable (residual ratio: 95.2–108.%). Heating at 70℃ decomposed not only -THC-OAc but also -THC-OAc. The decomposition proceeded rapidly in the initial 2 days then slowly until 15 days later. The degradation products, four putative one-oxygen-atom adducts and cannabinol, were detected but deacetylated products (-tetrahydrocannabinol and -tetrahydrocannabinol) were not detected. All the samples tested were completely dissolved in hexane differently from propylene glycol and glycerol. Propylene glycol and glycerol were not detected from the samples completely dissolved in hexane. This study indicated that deacetylation of -THC-OAc and -THC-OAc did not proceed when the sample did not contain propylene glycol and glycerol.

抄録全体を表示

One method currently being considered for the disposal of high level radio-active waste is burial in the seabed. When a hot object is buried in soil, the temperature of the soil adjacent to the object is raised and there is transient heat flow away from the object. The rise in the temperature of the soil causes excess pore pressures to be generated and transient pore water diffusion also takes place. A finite element formulation of the coupled heat flow and consolidation problem is presented. The computer implementation of this formulation is found to compare favourably with analytical solutions based on the same physical principles.

抄録全体を表示

Two new partially saturated tricyclic ring systems, 6, 6a, , , , 10, 10a, 11-octahydro-11-oxodibenz [, ] oxepins (3a and 3), and -thiepins (4a and 4) were synthesized. Compounds 4a and 4 were desulfurized to give a pair of isomeric 2-methylbenzoylcyclohexanes (10a and 10). Deuterated 4a and 4 (11a and 11) were prepared starting from butadiene- (12). The stereochemical features of 3a (trans), 3 (cis), 4a (trans) and 4 (cis) are compared with those of 10a, 10, 11a and 11 on the basis of proton nuclear magnetic resonance data.

抄録全体を表示

This paper outlines a mathematical description of the stress dilatancy behaviour of granular materials which accounts for stress level and void ratio dependencies. The consideration of these aspects has important implications in the modelling of granular material behaviour. In fact, granular material mechanical response is largely dominated by the evolution of dilatancy, fabric and void ratio histories. The starting point in this study is the well established Rowe's theory which is revisited and ultimately modified by introducing a factor linked to governing state parameters in order to describe the complete behaviour of granular materials during deformation. Numerical simulations of triaxial tests on granular materials at different void ratios and stress levels are herein presented to illustrate the model.

抄録全体を表示

In the 1993 Kushiro-oki Earthquake of Richter magnitude ., simultaneous recording of earthquake motions was successfully made at the ground surface and at a depth of 77 meters in a dense saturated sand deposit. The peak horizontal acceleration was .47 g on the ground surface and .21 g at a depth of 77 meters. The acceleration record at the ground surface showed a distinctive ground response, which consisted of a cyclic motion having a period of about 1.5 seconds overlain by a spike at each peak of the motion. In order to study the mechanism of this peculiar ground response, effective stress analysis was conducted on the dense saturated sand deposit. The model used for this study was a strain space multiple mechanism model, which takes into account the effect of principal stress axis rotation. The recorded earthquake motion at a depth of 77 meters was used as the input earthquake motion for the analysis. Sampling after in-situ freezing was done in order to evaluate the properties of the sand. The results of the analysis indicated that the observed ground response was due to the effect of dilatancy of sand, which plays a significant role in the response of the dense saturated sand deposits during strong earthquake motions.

抄録全体を表示

A new analytical method is proposed for determining the inextensible grid reinforcement pullout resistance and pullout force/pullout displacement curve by using basic backfill soil and grid reinforcement properties. The pullout skin friction resistance/pullout displacement relationship is simulated by linear elastic-perfectly plastic model. A hyperbolic model has been proposed to represent the pullout bearing resistance/pullout displacement relationship in which the maximum bearing resistance of a single bearing member is determined using a new bearing capacity equation proposed in this paper. The influences of the grid bearing member spacing ratio, S/, the bearing member deflection rigidity, and the pullout softening behavior on the mobilization of pullout bearing resistance are explicitly included in the proposed model. Good agreement has been obtained between calculated values and laboratory test results.

抄録全体を表示

11-Amino-6, 6a, , , , 10, 10a, 11-octahydrodibebenzo[, ]thiepines (6a-) and -oxepines (a-) were synthesized by the Leuckart reaction of 6, 6a, , , , 10, 10a, 11-octahydro-11-oxodibenzo[, ]thiepines (1a, )and -oxepines (2a, ) followed by hydrolysis of the reaction products 4a- and 5a-, respectively. The four diastereomers, cis(6a-H, 10a-H)-cis(10a-H, 11-H) 6a and a, cis(6a-H, 10a-H)-trans(10a-H, 11-H) 6 and , trans(6a-H, 10a-H)-trans(10a-H, 11a-H)6c and c, and trans(6a-H, 10a-H)-cis(10a-H, 11-H) 6 and , were isolated and their configurations and conformations were elucidated by chemical methods together with ¹H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic and X-ray crystallographic analyses.

抄録全体を表示

The Nihonkai-chubu Earthquake, with a magnitude of ., occurred on May 26, 1983 in northwest Japan and produced liquefaction sites in the coastal plain of Akita and Aomori Prefectures. About one month later, the maximum aftershock, with a magnitude of .1, again induced liquefaction at several sites in Aomori Prefecture. The authors surveyed the affected area and discovered almost ten reliquefaction sites. Initial liquefaction at these sites had not occurred solely because of the main shock of the Nihonkai-chubu Earthquake. Initial liquefaction at some sites was attributable to the Niigata Earthquake in 1964, the Tokachi-oki Earthquake in 1968, and other earlier earthquakes. Although it had earlier been thought that the occurrence of reliquefaction would be improbable, the authors' investigation shows that reliquefaction occurs frequently, even when the acceleration caused by a later earthquake was less than that caused by a former earthquake. It can therefore be said that a site liquefied by an earthquake can be reliquefied by a subsequent earthquake.

抄録全体を表示

This study aimed to determine the prevalence of fecal carriage of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and/or plasmidic AmpC β-lactamase (pAmpC) producing Escherichia coli among dogs (n=428) in Turkey. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing were used to characterize genes encoding β-lactamase and plasmid mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and PCRs for virulence genes and phylogenetic groups were also performed. Cefotaxime resistant

. coli isolates were detected in 95 (.2%) of the swab samples. Sequencing analysis results showed occurrence of various β-lactamase genes: bla_CTX-M-15 (62), blaTEM-

1b

(42), bla_CMY-2 (

22

), bla_CTX-M-3 (16), bla_CTX-M-1 (15), bla_OXA-1 (

9

) and bla_SHV-12 (3) alone or in combination. The most frequently encountered phylogenetic group was group A₁ (35.

8

%), followed by group

D₂

(

22

.1%),

B

1 (15.

8

%),

D₁

(

9

.5%),

A₀

(

7

.4%),

B2₂

(5.3%) and

B2₃

(4.2%), respectively. PMQR genes, aac(6’)-Ib-cr, qnrS1 and qnrB10 were detected in 25.3, 10.5 and 1.1% of the isolates, respectively. While all isolates were susceptible to imipenem and amikacin, resistance rates to non-β-lactam antibiotics ranged from 20.

0

% for tobramycin to 56.

8

% for tetracycline. The virulence genes were only detected in 34 (36.2%) of the isolates and this isolates carried single or various combination of virulence genes of iucD, papC, papE, f17a-A and eaeA. Four isolates were identified as human virulent pandemic CTX-M-15 producing

E

. coli clone O25

b

:ST131/

B

2. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to show fecal carriage of ESBL/pAmpC type β-lactamase producing

E

. coli isolates among dogs in Turkey.

抄録全体を表示

The objective of this paper is to develop a new vibro-compaction machine by investigating experimentally the effects of the frequency of an oscillator mounted on a tracked vehicle on the vibro-compaction of a high lifted decomposed granite sandy soil. By measuring the amount of depression of the ground surface, the dry density distribution in depth using a cone penetrometer, the normal earth pressure distribution in depth using a soil stress transducer, and the vertical and horizontal acceleration distribution in depth, the effects of the tracked vehicle on the increment of the soil compacting dry density in a deep stratum were considered theoretically for various kinds of frequency. It was observed that an oscillator frequency of 16 Hz with a constant amplitude of exciting force of . kN showed the maximum amount of depression of the ground surface and the maximum dry density distribution at deep stratum for the range of frequency from 16 Hz to 51 Hz. The ratio of dynamic shear stress to normal stress at 16 Hz proved to be large enough at deep stratum, so that an optimal alternative shear strain due to the impact force was developed on the whole range of the high lifted stratum. It was assumed that the increment in soil compacting density was the result of the effective dilatancy phenomenon.

抄録全体を表示

In this study the field feasibility of an innovative thermal technique to improve the performance of prefabricated vertical drains (PVD) used in conjunction with the preloading ground improvement method is investigated. For this purpose, two identical 6. m high full-scale test embankments for preloading were constructed over the soft Bangkok clay where a conventional PVD system was installed underneath one embankment and a novel prefabricated vertical thermo-drain (PVTD) system was utilized for the other. The PVTD unit consists of a U-tube made of cross-linked polyethylene plastic (PEX) that is attached to a conventional PVD unit. Preheated water at about 90°C is circulated through the attached U-tube to raise the soil temperature underneath the PVTD embankment. The behavior of the two test embankments were compared in terms of excess pore water pressure and consolidation results. The comparison shows the advantage of a PVTD system over a conventional PVD system. The rate of consolidation increases significantly in the PVTD system due to the temperature effect on the hydraulic conductivity. Moreover, the embankment with the PVTD system generates more settlement due to the thermally induced irreversible contraction of saturated normally consolidated soft Bangkok clay.

抄録全体を表示

In this paper, centrifuge shaking table tests were conducted in order to understand the performance of seawalls during a seismic event. The model tests showed that the displacement of the caisson was much affected by the seaward shear deformation of the sand seabed beneath it during shaking. It was also confirmed that an armored embankment played an important role in the displacement of the caisson during shaking. Based on these test results, a two-dimensional DEM-FEM coupled analysis method was newly developed to numerically predict the deformation of seawalls covered with armored embankments during earthquakes. The movements of the armor units were calculated by DE analysis and deformations of the caisson, rubble mound, sand seabed and backfill were calculated by FE analysis considering the non-linearity of the soil materials based on the effective stress. Dynamic interaction was taken into account by delivering the nodal displacements of the finite elements or the nodal forces converted from the contact forces through the imaginary distinct elements defined at the boundaries between the DE and FE domain. The applicability of this method to the prediction of the deformation of seawalls was verified through numerical simulations of the centrifuge model test.

抄録全体を表示

Seismic records obtained from a seismometer array located in downtown Tokyo Japan for about ten years were inversely analyzed to estimate the dynamic soil parameters. Due to the illposed nature of the problem, the simple and often used "least square method" does not properly estimate the parameters. The Extended Bayesian Method combined with the Akaike Bayesian Information Criterion was introduced to overcome this difficulty. The results obtained were compared with dynamic triaxial test results obtained at the time of the seismometer installation. The shear moduli agree quite well with the estimated results, however the damping ratios estimated are slightly higher than the ones obtained in the laboratory.

抄録全体を表示

We compared three groups of pregnant women: placebo with normotensive women, group A which included preeclamptics, and group which comprised preeclamptics who were supplemented their diets with vitamins C and . MDA increased from 6. ± 2. (placebo) to .48 ± 1.2 (A) and .02 ± 1. nmol/gHb (). NO concentrations were enhanced from 19.3 ± 4.2 (P) to 23. ± 6.4 (A) and 24.1 ± 5.4 μmol/L (). GSH contents were decreased from 10.42 ± 2.81 (P) to .02 ± 2. (A) and .39 ± 1.02 μmol/g Hb (), whereas GSSG concentrations increased from . ± .28 (P) to 1.24 ± .29 (A) and 1.08 ± .12 μmol/g Hb (). SOD activity decreased 23% in A and 14% in ; GRx decreased 27% in A and 5.5% in ; GPx decreased 12% in A and .6% in . Catalase activity, however, increased 27% in A and 29% in as compared to control. Thus, we conclude that the use of vitamins C and should be considered for the control of certain important biochemical indices during the development of preeclampsia; however, further studies are needed to develop methods for the prevention of preeclampsia in women at high risk.

抄録全体を表示

From the fronds of Polystichum tripteron (KUNZE) P_R. a new norcarotenoid glycoside was isolated and shown to be (6R, , R)--hydroxy-megastigma-4, -dien-3-one--O-β--glucoside. The fronds of Dennstaedtia wilfordii (MOORE) CHRIST. contain the same glucoside.

抄録全体を表示

Based on the methods previously presented by the authors (Yasuhara et al., 1992, 1994, 1996) for predicting the degradation in strength and stiffness of soft clays in the course of cyclic loading, a methodology has been developed to estimate the cyclic loading-induced settlements. The method also includes not only immediate settlements but also post-cyclic long-term settlements due to dissipation of cyclically induced excess pore pressures in soft soils. The simplified formulae included in the proposed methodology are given as functions of the amplitude of cyclic-induced excess pore pressure normalized by the confining pressure, u/p'_c, plasticity index I_p and factor of safety against bearing capacity failure, F_s. The calculations of cyclic-induced settlements were conducted for soft soil deposits with different index and geotechnical properties. The results calculated using the proposed methodology are presented in the form of a design chart to give the settlement versus normalized excess pore pressure ratio relations including the effects of the plasticity index and safety factor for bearing capacity. An example of the calculated results using the proposed procedure for the earthquake-induced settlements of embankments founded on soft clay, is presented to demonstrate the practicality of the method for design at fields.

抄録全体を表示

Shaking table tests were performed to clarify the settlement in liquefied loose sand of a new foundation incorporating top-shaped concrete blocks. In the tests, blocks of half scale were installed as they are in practice, by using a crusher-run, a lattice of iron rods and iron bars. Shaking table tests were also conducted on foundations with two differently shaped concrete blocks to investigate the effectiveness of the three foundations in reducing settlement. One was a T-shaped concrete block, or a disk-shaped concrete plate with a leg. The other was a conical concrete block without a leg. The results of shaking table tests showed that the foundation with the top-shaped concrete blocks was most effective in reducing the settlement among the three types of foundation. FEM elastic analyses were performed to compute the stress distributions in the models and in-situ ground when the top-shaped concrete blocks were applied and to confirm whether liquefaction resistance of the sand layer below the foundation is large. Moreover, the factor of safety against liquefaction, F_L was evaluated in in-situ model ground, in order to compare with sensitivities against liquefaction in the ground without countermeasures and with top-shaped concrete blocks. For the liquefaction analyses, shear stress in the ground during an earthquake was estimated by dynamic analyses using the SHAKE computer program.

抄録全体を表示