帯状疱疹に対するRo-8181の有効性, 安全性および有用性を検討するため, ヒト血清アルブミンを対照薬として, 二重盲検比較試験を行つた。皮膚症状の観察項目別の改善率では, 水疱·膿疱において投与開始後5日目でRo-8181群70%, placebo群50%で, 両群間に差(p<0.05)が認められた。皮膚症状改善度の推移を著明改善以上の症例についてみると, 投与開始後4日目の著明改善率はRo-8181群8%, placebo群0%であり, Fisherの直接計算法で両群間に差(p<0.05)が認められた。また, 投与開始後5日目の著明改善率はRo-8181群15%, placebo群3%であり, κ² 検定で両群間に差(p<0.05)が認められた。主治医による有効性の判定ではU検定でRo-8181群が優れている傾向が認められた。主治医による安全性の判定では副作用発現率がRo-8181群83%, placebo群14%であり, U検定で両群間に差(p<0.001)が認められた。主治医による有用性の判定ではU検定で両群間に差は認められなかつた。以上の結果より, 帯状疱疹に対し, Ro-8181は皮疹のうち水疱·膿疱に対して有効であり, 主治医判定でも有効性が認められたが, 安全性については本薬剤の耐薬性が示されたものの副作用の発現率が高かつたため, 有用性は高くないと考えられた。

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CTAの行政上の取り扱い、歴史、投資戦略等をまず簡単に説明する。CTAとは金融先物、オプション、スワップを対象とした取り引きに関する投資のアドバイスやサービスを個人、ファンドに提供する個人、または組織に対する金融行政上の用語で、正式名はCommodity trading advisorである。CTAという用語は投資信託、ETFを含むヘッジファンド、プライベートファンドへの投資アドバイスにも適応される。CTAs は米国連邦政府による規制対象であり Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) への登録と National Futures Association (NFA) のメンバーになることが義務付けられている。また、CTAはヘッジファンドの投資スタイルのひとつ (Global Macro) でもある。

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The Japan Society for Occupational Health (JSOH) recommends the Occupational Exposure Limits (OELs) as reference values for preventing adverse health effects on workers caused by occupational exposure to chemical substances, continuous or intermittent noise, impulsive or impact noise, heat stress, cold stress, whole-body vibration, hand-arm vibration and time-varying electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields and ultraviolet and ionizing radiation.

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Experiments were conducted to evaluate the grain refinement in Zn–Al alloys subjected to equal-channel- extrusion (ECAE) under three different conditions. In the first condition (Route 1), ECAE was performed during the phase transformation at room temperature. In the second condition (Route 2), ECAE was carried out after the phase transformation at room temperature. In the third condition (Route 3), ECAE was performed after the phase transformation at 373 K. The average grain sizes after ECAE exhibited 0.35, 0.3 and 0.6 μm for Route 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Route 1 was efficient to develop the material with a finer microstructure, and reduce the processing time. It was also verified that reasonably equiaxed and homogeneously distributed grains were obtained by ECAE after solution treatment without rolling process.

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Experiments were conducted to evaluate the grain refinement in Zn–Al alloys subjected to equal-channel- extrusion (ECAE) under three different conditions. In the first condition (Route 1), ECAE was performed during the phase transformation at room temperature. In the second condition (Route 2), ECAE was carried out after the phase transformation at room temperature. In the third condition (Route 3), ECAE was performed after the phase transformation at 373 K. The average grain sizes after ECAE exhibited 0.35, 0.3 and 0.6 μm for Route 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Route 1 was efficient to develop the material with a finer microstructure, and reduce the processing time. It was also verified that reasonably equiaxed and homogeneously distributed grains were obtained by ECAE after solution treatment without rolling process.

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[Purpose] Little is known about the detailed anatomical connections of the neural network related to hand movement in the human brain. We investigated the neural network using diffusion tensor tractography (DTT) data analyzed in conjunction with functional MRI (fMRI) activation results. [Subjects and Method] We recruited 19 healthy volunteers for this study. Probabilistic tractography was used to analyze diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data that were collected using fMRI activation induced by grasp-release movements of the hand at a rate of 1 Hz. [Results] The brain areas connected to the primary sensorimotor cortex (SM1), which is activated by hand movements, were the premotor cortex (100%), superior parietal lobule (100%), intraparietal sulcus (100%), supramarginal (97.37%), supplementary motor area (89.47%), thalamus (86.84%), putamen (81.58%), pars opercularis (81.58%), pars triangularis (68.42%), (65.79%), and cerebellum (60.53%) in the same hemisphere and the contralateral primary motor cortex (60.53%) in the opposite hemisphere. No significant difference was observed in the total incidence of connected tracts between hemispheres. [Conclusion] These results reveal that more brain areas are involved in hand movements than were previously thought necessary for motor planning and execution in the human brain.

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Intracerebral injection of vegetative myxamoebae of strains of Polysphondylium pallidum caused 80 to 100% mortality in mice, whereas a 30 to 50% mortality occurred with strains of Dictyostelium giganteum and D. mucoroides. Death is attributable to an unidentified toxic factor. Histopathologically a giant cell formation was seen in the spleen of mice. This cell was different from Langerhan's or foreign body giant cell. Rats injected intracerebrally behaved similarly. Intranasal instillation of myxamoebae in guinea pigs caused transient pneumonia. Myxamoebae do not multiply in the brain tissues of mice or rats, or in the lungs of guinea pigs.
Intranasal instillation of vegetative myxamoebae is less pathogenic than free living amoebae like Hartmanella culbertsoni, H. rhysodes, Naegleria sp. (Culbertson strain HB-1), or Naegleria aerobia.

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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in the functional connectivity of the default mode network (DMN) in normal aging and in children with autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) by using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI) and independent component analysis. Methods: Thirty-one healthy controls (HC) in four age groups (1-3, 4-8, 20-29, and 50-59 years) and 14 childhood ASD cases (1-8 years of age) were examined by rsfMRI echo-planar imaging on a clinical 3-T MRI scanner. Imaging of all children (1-8 years) was conducted under sedation, while adults were scanned in the awake state with eyes closed. Results: The regions of DMN functional connectivity in the bilateral inferior parietal lobule and posterior cingulate cortex were smaller in HC children than in HC adults, and smaller in the ASD group than in the HC children. Conclusion: It is possible to observe developmental and pathological changes in the DMN by rsfMRI. Reduced DMN functional connectivity in children may be a useful biomarker for ASD diagnosis. J. Med. Invest. 63: 204-208, August, 2016

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The nd Annual Meeting of Japan Society for Science Education (JSSE) was held on July 29-31, 1998 at Tokyo Gakugei University in western suburb of Tokyo with about 290 registrants under the main theme of "Towards Implementation of Science Curriculum for Construction of Creation and Symbiosis." Number of papers over 210 were presented in both main sessions and general presentations. There were two symposiums, one lecture, one forum, one international forum, one workshop, three sessions of themes set by the steering committee and ten sessions of themes set independently by members of JSSE in main sessions. Also, there were many other general presentations. Many papers were presented coping with the main theme. They were a lecture related to learning and creativity based on advance of brain, and many presentations related to symbiosis such as relation between in-door and out-door school activities, school based research activities such as curriculum development, and way of finding new methodology of research on classroom, consistency of curriculum through elementary to high school, pre-service teacher education, and so on. Contents of claims and discussions in every presentation in main sessions are summarized in this paper.

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A 67-year-old patient presented with progressive agraphia, alexia, and impaired ability to calculate persisting for 4 weeks. He showed preserved ability to do single-digit addition and subtraction. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a tumor in the left parietal lobe. A malignant glioma was suspected, and awake craniotomy was performed to remove the tumor with functional cortical mapping to determine the cortices involved in calculation and language. His calculation ability was mapped on the , and partial resection of the tumor was achieved without deterioration of that ability. The histological diagnosis was glioblastoma multiforme. The patient’s calculation ability improved dramatically after the operation.

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Purpose: To investigate the activation dynamics of language-related areas from multiple activation maps by performing analysis while shifting the signal change model from the actual stimulation timing along the temporal axis using high temporal resolution fMRI data. Methods: High temporal resolution fMRI data were obtained using 3T MRI. Ten healthy right-handed volunteers participated in the study. Task paradigm was block design to carry out two sets of the rest periods and word-generation tasks. Data analysis was performed using SPM 12 software. We created several different activation maps of different phases by shifting the signal change model along the temporal axis, and the activation dynamics of activation areas were analyzed. Results: In the activation dynamics analysis, there was a tendency for activation to become stronger in the order of bilateral superior temporal

and supplementary motor area, left with slight delay, and then left middle and inferior frontal . This result was considered to reflect the processing process in the brain during the word-generation task. Conclusions: It was suggested that this analysis method is useful for activation dynamics analysis.

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A financial market is a diversified dynamical system with many constraints, and price movements are modeled in terms of the micro properties of each transactions and the macro properties of dynamical systems. These two properties must be bridged by the multiplicity. The model forcuses on the size of tick and the number of transactions with the price movement compared with the previous transctions and explains stochastic nature of short-term volatilities and persistently stable long-term volatilities as a results of unique behaviour of heterogeneous market participants.

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Visual information processings are realized by the posterior association cortex spreading in front of the striate and parastriate areas from which two major visual association pathways arise. The dorsal or the occipito-parietal pathway which transmits the inputs from the peripheral as well as the central visual field to the parietal association cortex is responsible for the visuospatial analysis of the visual informations. The occipito-temporal or the ventral pathway originates only from the foveal vision area, and sends the visual inputs to the inferior temporal lobe which engages in visual pattern or whole gestalt recognition of the visual informations. In addition to this dichotomous disposition of the dorsal and the ventral visual association pathways in each cerebral hemisphere, there is another type of functional specialization which is hierarchical rather than dichotomous. In the left cerebral hemisphere, the collateral pathways arise from both dorsal and ventral main streams and engage in the process of reading, or the verbal mode of visual information processing.

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Paragraphia due to cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome (CCAS) has not been reported previously. This report presents a patient with cerebellar hemorrhage, showing cognitive dysfunctions including paragraphia. A 74-year-old right-handed man was hospitalized with sudden dizziness. CT demonstrated a small hemorrhage in the right cerebellar dentate nucleus. He also exhibited gait disturbance due to mild truncal ataxia and became aware of errors while writing his dairy. Neuropsychological assessments showed phonological paragraphia with Kana characters and semantic paragraphia with Kanji characters, as well as mild auditory comprehension and verbal memory disorders. Although MRI did not detect any abnormality in the cerebral hemispheres, SPECT demonstrated decreased cerebral blood flow in the left , frontal lobe and parieto-occipital lobe, predominantly on the left side. On neuropsychological assessment 3 months after stroke, the patient's paragraphia and auditory comprehension disorder had subsided, but his verbal memory disturbance remained. The clinical features in this case differed from those of CCAS cases previously reported. In particular, the lesion considered responsible for the cognitive dysfunctions in this case involved the right dentate nucleus, which is supplied by the superior cerebellar artery, but not the posterior inferior cerebellar artery, and especially the presence of dis-orders in writing ability, such as paragraphia. The possible mechanism of paragraphia in this case might be a reduction of cerebral blood flow in the due to a crossed cerebello-cerebral diaschisis. However, this case suggests that the right dentate nucleus contributes to the neuropsychological mechanism of writing.

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DiGeorge syndrome (DGA), velocardiofacial syndrome (VCFS), and conotruncal anomaly face syndrome (CTAF) are frequently associated with q11.2 deletion syndrome. We report two cases of q11.2 deletion syndrome. Two patients had cleft palate, and facial dysmorphism. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was used to show deletion of chromosome q11.2. Palatoplasty was performed at about two years of age with the patients under general anesthesia. The postoperative course was uneventful in both patients.

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Purpose: Spatial normalization is a significant image pre-processing operation in statistical parametric mapping (SPM) analysis. The purpose of this study was to clarify the optimal method of spatial normalization for improving diagnostic accuracy in SPM analysis of arterial spin-labeling (ASL) perfusion images. Methods: We evaluated the SPM results of five spatial normalization methods obtained by comparing patients with Alzheimer’s disease or normal pressure hydrocephalus complicated with dementia and cognitively healthy subjects. We used the following methods: 3DT1-conventional based on spatial normalization using anatomical images; 3DT1-DARTEL based on spatial normalization with DARTEL using anatomical images; 3DT1-conventional template and 3DT1-DARTEL template, created by averaging cognitively healthy subjects spatially normalized using the above methods; and ASL-DARTEL template created by averaging cognitively healthy subjects spatially normalized with DARTEL using ASL images only. Results: Our results showed that ASL-DARTEL template was small compared with the other two templates. Our SPM results obtained with ASL-DARTEL template method were inaccurate. Also, there were no significant differences between 3DT1-conventional and 3DT1-DARTEL template methods. In contrast, the 3DT1-DARTEL method showed higher detection sensitivity, and precise anatomical location. Conclusions: Our SPM results suggest that we should perform spatial normalization with DARTEL using anatomical images.

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Purpose: Our aim was to re-evaluate the usefulness of perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) for the diagnosis of AD and DLB. Methods: A total of 1,232 patients, including 180 cognitively normal subjects (NSs), 148 patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), 802 patients with AD and 102 patients with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) were enrolled. A voxel-based stereotactic extraction estimation analysis was used to assess hypoperfusion areas using the cut-off value of 20% for the “extent %” and >2 hypoperfused lesions. Results: The top 10 areas with hypoperfusion in AD were the , supramarginal , precuneus, superior occipital , inferior parietal lobule, middle temporal , superior parietal lobule, inferior temporal , superior temporal . and posterior cingulate, while DLB had 6 areas in common with AD. The respective sensitivity and specificity for differentiating AD from NSs were 84.2% and 78.9% for 50-59 years old, and 91.8% and 70.0% for 60-69 years old, but those values decreased from 70 years old. The respective sensitivity and specificity in DLB patients were 100% and 75.6% for 50-69 years old, 84.6% and 70.1% for 70-79 years old and 81.4% and 77.1% for 80-89 years old. In aMCI patients, the 1-year change in the MMSE scores was -2.38±2.02 (n=16) in patients with abnormal SPECT images and -0.67±1.81 (n=18) in those with normal SPECT images (P<0.02). Conclusions: Our study confirms that perfusion SPECT is still a valid alternative for the diagnosis of AD and DLB when fluorodeoxyglucose-PET is unavailable.

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     The present paper deals with crticocortical connections of the posterior association cortex in cats, monkeys and man with particular empha sis on the most “developed” cortical region ; particularly the in man.
    Organization patterns of association fibers to the posterior association area are basically identical on several points in cats and monkeys. Thus, for example, convergence of association fibers from the somatosensory, auditory and visual cortical areas to a certain region in the posterior association area ( MSs, middle suprasylvian sulcus area in cat; STs, superior temporal sulcus area in monkey) is evident in both animal species. However, several dissimilarities, reflecting evolutionary development from carnivores to primates, do exist within the formation of some long association bundles, which have been revealed from a comparison of the findings obtained from the two kinds of animals.
    The (area 39) together with its adjacent areas can be considered from the evolutionary point of view as being homologue of part of the MSs and STs in the cat and monkey, respectively.
    Some aspects of the are discussed with relation to the monkey and crossmodal association (Geschwind, 1965), and the possibility of cortical connections between the and Broca's area is also commented with reference to our new findings obtained with the HRP method in monkeys.

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