CTAの行政上の取り扱い、歴史、投資戦略等をまず簡単に説明する。CTAとは金融先物、オプション、スワップを対象とした取り引きに関する投資のアドバイスやサービスを個人、ファンドに提供する個人、または組織に対する金融行政上の用語で、正式名はCommodity trading advisorである。CTAという用語は投資信託、ETFを含むヘッジファンド、プライベートファンドへの投資アドバイスにも適応される。CTAs は米国連邦政府による規制対象であり Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) への登録と National Futures Association (NFA) のメンバーになることが義務付けられている。また、CTAはヘッジファンドの投資スタイルのひとつ (Global Macro) でもある。

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帯状疱疹に対するRo-8181の有効性, 安全性および有用性を検討するため, ヒト血清アルブミンを対照薬として, 二重盲検比較試験を行つた。皮膚症状の観察項目別の改善率では, 水疱·膿疱において投与開始後5日目でRo-8181群70%, placebo群50%で, 両群間に差(p<0.05)が認められた。皮膚症状改善度の推移を著明改善以上の症例についてみると, 投与開始後4日目の著明改善率はRo-8181群8%, placebo群0%であり, Fisherの直接計算法で両群間に差(p<0.05)が認められた。また, 投与開始後5日目の著明改善率はRo-8181群15%, placebo群3%であり, κ² 検定で両群間に差(p<0.05)が認められた。主治医による有効性の判定ではU検定でRo-8181群が優れている傾向が認められた。主治医による安全性の判定では副作用発現率がRo-8181群83%, placebo群14%であり, U検定で両群間に差(p<0.001)が認められた。主治医による有用性の判定ではU検定で両群間に差は認められなかつた。以上の結果より, 帯状疱疹に対し, Ro-8181は皮疹のうち水疱·膿疱に対して有効であり, 主治医判定でも有効性が認められたが, 安全性については本薬剤の耐薬性が示されたものの副作用の発現率が高かつたため, 有用性は高くないと考えられた。

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The Japan Society for Occupational Health (JSOH) recommends the Occupational Exposure Limits (OELs) as reference values for preventing adverse health effects on workers caused by occupational exposure to chemical substances, continuous or intermittent noise, impulsive or impact noise, heat stress, cold stress, whole-body vibration, hand-arm vibration and time-varying electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields and ultraviolet and ionizing radiation.

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Intracerebral injection of vegetative myxamoebae of strains of Polysphondylium pallidum caused 80 to 100% mortality in mice, whereas a 30 to 50% mortality occurred with strains of Dictyostelium giganteum and D. mucoroides. Death is attributable to an unidentified toxic factor. Histopathologically a giant cell formation was seen in the spleen of mice. This cell was different from Langerhan's or foreign body giant cell. Rats injected intracerebrally behaved similarly. Intranasal instillation of myxamoebae in guinea pigs caused transient pneumonia. Myxamoebae do not multiply in the brain tissues of mice or rats, or in the lungs of guinea pigs.
Intranasal instillation of vegetative myxamoebae is less pathogenic than free living amoebae like Hartmanella culbertsoni, H. rhysodes, Naegleria sp. (Culbertson strain HB-1), or Naegleria aerobia.

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The nd Annual Meeting of Japan Society for Science Education (JSSE) was held on July 29-31, 1998 at Tokyo Gakugei University in western suburb of Tokyo with about 290 registrants under the main theme of "Towards Implementation of Science Curriculum for Construction of Creation and Symbiosis." Number of papers over 210 were presented in both main sessions and general presentations. There were two symposiums, one lecture, one forum, one international forum, one workshop, three sessions of themes set by the steering committee and ten sessions of themes set independently by members of JSSE in main sessions. Also, there were many other general presentations. Many papers were presented coping with the main theme. They were a lecture related to learning and creativity based on advance of brain, and many presentations related to symbiosis such as relation between in-door and out-door school activities, school based research activities such as curriculum development, and way of finding new methodology of research on classroom, consistency of curriculum through elementary to high school, pre-service teacher education, and so on. Contents of claims and discussions in every presentation in main sessions are summarized in this paper.

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A financial market is a diversified dynamical system with many constraints, and price movements are modeled in terms of the micro properties of each transactions and the macro properties of dynamical systems. These two properties must be bridged by the multiplicity. The model forcuses on the size of tick and the number of transactions with the price movement compared with the previous transctions and explains stochastic nature of short-term volatilities and persistently stable long-term volatilities as a results of unique behaviour of heterogeneous market participants.

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DiGeorge syndrome (DGA), velocardiofacial syndrome (VCFS), and conotruncal anomaly face syndrome (CTAF) are frequently associated with q11.2 deletion syndrome. We report two cases of q11.2 deletion syndrome. Two patients had cleft palate, and facial dysmorphism. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was used to show deletion of chromosome q11.2. Palatoplasty was performed at about two years of age with the patients under general anesthesia. The postoperative course was uneventful in both patients.

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A radiographic survey was performed on 50 temporal bones of 25 skulls in order to study the relationship of the facial canal to the tympanomastoid .
A fine metal wire was glued on the tympanomastoid and the facial canal was filled with a few wires, then the specimens were examined in antero-posterior and projections.
The horizontal distances between the facial canal and the tympanomastoid were measured at four points, that is, 5 mm, 10 mm, 15 mm from "pointer" along the tympanomastoid , and "pointer" itself.
The results are as follows:
The means of the distances were 0.44 mm, 0.06 mm, 0.46 mm and 2.02 mm, respectively, posterior to the tympanomastoid at "pointer", 5 mm, 10 mm and 15 mm on the right side, and 0.66 mm, 0. mm, 0.78 mm and 2.34 mm at each point on left side.
The means of the depth were 8.52 mm, 10.71 mm, 11.49 mm and 10.07 mm medial to the tympanomastoid at each point on the right side and 8.34 mm, 10.83 mm, 11.55 mm, 10.16 mm on the left side. These numerals did not indicate the horizontal distances between the center of the facial canal and the tympanomastoid , but the distances between the proximal mark of the facial canal and the tympanomastoid .
The standard deviation was the smallest at the point of 10 mm, and the next smallest at the point of 5 mm.
From the facts above mentioned, it can be concluded that the distance variation between the facial canal and the tympanomastoid was tympanomastoid was the smallest in the range of 5-10 mm from the "pointer", and in such a range, the facial canal could be detected between 2 mm anterior and 3 mm posterior to the tympanomastoid at the depth of around 8-13 mm.

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The arterial anatomy of the parasellar area is complex in that it deals with extracranial–intracranial anastomosis and supply to various cranial nerves in a small area. Pathologies such as hypervascular tumors and shunts are not uncommon and require good knowledge of anatomy in planning the treatment. In this article, the basic anatomy of the arterial supply in this region is discussed, covering the origins, territories, relation to the cranial nerves, and the connections among different systems.

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この研究は裂肛に対する側方内括約筋切開法(以下,1.SIS法とする)の長期の患者の満足度と後遺症などについて調べたものである.1991年～1995年の3年8カ月間に当院で行ったLSIS法で,追跡が可能であった158例を対象に術後2～5年(平均4年5カ月)後の成績を調査した.その結果,手術の満足度98%,平均治癒日数27日,治癒遷延6例,再発4例,痔瘻形成1例であった.後遺症は4年目以降,そして40代の後半に多い.それらは「僅かなガス漏れ」13例(8,2%),「僅かな便漏れ」5例(3.2%),「下着の汚れ」soiling9例(5.6%)の計27例(17.1%)であった.以上により,LSIS法は利点も多いが,長年経てから出る後遺症もあるので手術に際しては慎重に症例を選び細心の手術をすることが大切である.

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小脳橋角部類表皮腫はテント切痕, 大後頭孔への上下方向のみならず, 小脳半球, 脳幹側への横方向へも進展し, この進展様式はアプローチを決定する際の重要な要素となる.今回, 小脳脳幹裂の解剖に基づき, 上下方向のみならず, 横方向への進展も考慮に入れて, 後頭蓋窩類表皮腫例を腫瘍の局在部位, 進展様式により分類し, それぞれに対するアプローチについて検討した.小脳橋角部に主座をおく群に対しては, 中頭蓋窩に進展した例を除く全例に, 通常の suboccipital approachか, それにinfratentorial supracerebellar approachを追加して手術を行い, 小脳橋角部に限局した群においては14例中13例において亜全摘出が可能であったが, 小脳脳幹裂への進展例においては全例とも部分摘出に終わった.小脳橋角部類表皮腫の大半は通常の suboccipital approachで十分摘出可能であるが, 腫瘍が小脳脳幹裂へ進展している場合には, 小脳半球に隠れた腫瘍をうまく露出するようなfar approachやposterior transpetrosal approachが必要となる場合がある.後頭蓋窩の類表皮腫に対する手術アプローチに関しては, 腫瘍の局在部位, 進展様式に応じて総合的にアプローチを決定することが必要である.

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Embolization of hypervascular tumors has been widely performed for over four decades, particularly for preoperative meningioma. Several benefits of preoperative embolization have been reported, including reduced blood loss, surgical time and surgical complications, and improved outcomes. However, the technical details of both embolization and surgical procedures, and lesions widely vary. Thus, the actual benefits of preoperative embolization have not been clarified by prospective randomized studies. Procedure-related complications due to embolization developed in 3%–12% in previous studies. For parasellar lesions, both surgical resection and embolization have a higher risk of complication than for lesions at other locations because of the complicated neurovascular anatomy in the parasellar area. Therefore, close attention should be paid to the detailed vascular anatomy, embolic material, and related information for embolization and resection in individual cases to improve patient outcomes.

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The sylvian

stem and its deep cisternal part (SDCP) consist mainly of the orbital gyrus (OG) and anterior medial portion of the temporal lobe. SDCP's adhesion has been found to make a trans-sylvian approach difficult due to the various patterns of adhesion. Thus, in this study, we aim to clarify the morphological features of the SDCP, and to guide a safe trans-sylvian approach. We retrospectively classified the morphology of the SDCP in 81 patients into 3 types (tight, moderate, loose type) according to the degree of adhesion of the arachnoid membrane and analyzed the morphological features of the OG and the temporal lobe using intraoperative video images. In addition, we have retrospectively measured each width of the SDCP's subarachnoid space at the three points (Point A, superior portion; Point B, downward portion; Point C, medial inferior portion of SDCP) and analyzed their relationship to the degree of adhesion using the preoperative coronal three-dimensional computed tomography angiography (3D-CTA) images of 44 patients. As per the results, SDCP's adhesions were determined to be significantly tighter in cases with large OG and young cases. The temporal lobe had four surfaces (posterior, middle, anterior, and medial) that adhered to the OG in various patterns. The tighter the adhesion between the OG and each of the three distal surfaces of the temporal lobe, the narrower the width of the subarachnoid space at each point (A, B, C). Understanding of the morphological features of the SDCP, and estimating its adhesion preoperatively are useful in developing a surgical strategy and obtaining correct intraoperative orientation in the trans-sylvian approach.

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Objective: We report a rare case of pterygopalatine fossa arterial venous shunt disease with venous congestion of the superior ophthalmic vein (SOV) that was treated by transarterial balloon-assisted embolization.

Case Presentation: A 57-year-old man presented with congestion of the right bulbar conjunctiva, protrusion, and swelling of the right eyelid was admitted to our hospital. Angiography demonstrated an arteriovenous fistula (AVF) forming small congregated vessels in the pterygopalatine fossa fed by the branch of the ophthalmic artery (OA) and artery of the superior orbital

, draining into the SOV via the inferior ophthalmic vein (IOV). From the artery of the superior orbital , transarterial embolization (TAE) with ONYX using a dual-lumen balloon catheter was performed. The patient was treated without complications.

Conclusion: TAE using transarterial balloon-assisted embolization with ONYX is effective for periorbital arteriovenous shunts, although special care is necessary to prevent the migration of ONYX into the OA.

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The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of Swept Source Optical Coherence Tomography (SS-OCT) imaging in assessing a novel caries model. Samples were imaged by both near infrared based SS-OCT and high resolution x-ray tomography imaging to non-destructively quantify artificial lesions. The mean relative reflectivities of the demineralized fissures were at least 6 times higher than the corresponding sound fissures (p<0.02). Importantly, this study demonstrated that SS-OCT reflectivity images can be used to predict the depth of demineralization. Despite correctly evaluating the depth, this work showed that the lesion width calculated from SS-OCT reflectivity images did not accurately predict the demineralized width. The relative reflectivity could not accurately determine the mineral density of the demineralized lesions. SS-OCT detected subsurface demineralization and could be used to determine if the decay process was advancing toward the enamel-dentin junction.

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