The effects of a severe typhoon (9918 Bart) on a bird community in a warm temperate , southern Japan, in 1999, were investigated. The total abundance and number of species showed clear seasonality in normal years, and were higher during winter mostly due to the influx of winter visitor species. The composition of dietary and foraging guilds also changed among seasons. Among the dietary guilds, frugivores/granivores and omnivores increased in winter, whereas insectivores decreased in winter. As for the foraging guilds, interior- or edge-dependent species increased in winter, whereas generalists remained constant. Therefore, I examined the effects of typhoon 9918 Bart in winter and in summer, comparing the data sets from three years before and two years after its passage. In the first winter after the typhoon, the abundance of birds was significantly lower than in all three control years, however it recovered to the same level as the control years in the second winter. In contrast, in both the first and second summer after the typhoon, bird abundance was significantly higher than in the control years. The effects of the typhoon also differed among the dietary and foraging guilds. The winter dominant frugivores/granivores were fewer in the first winter leading to a decrease in total bird abundance in that season, whereas the increase in omnivores and insectivores resulted in the increased total bird abundance in summer. The reduction in interior-dependent species led to the lower total abundance in winter, and the increase in edge-dependent species may have led to the increase in total bird abundance both in winter and in summer. These different responses among different foraging and dietary guilds affected total bird abundance in concert. The disturbance event (typhoon) appeared to cause opposing effects on total bird abundance in winter and in summer.

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帯状疱疹に対するRo-8181の有効性, 安全性および有用性を検討するため, ヒト血清アルブミンを対照薬として, 二重盲検比較試験を行つた。皮膚症状の観察項目別の改善率では, 水疱·膿疱において投与開始後5日目でRo-8181群70%, placebo群50%で, 両群間に差(p<0.05)が認められた。皮膚症状改善度の推移を著明改善以上の症例についてみると, 投与開始後4日目の著明改善率はRo-8181群8%, placebo群0%であり, Fisherの直接計算法で両群間に差(p<0.05)が認められた。また, 投与開始後5日目の著明改善率はRo-8181群15%, placebo群3%であり, κ² 検定で両群間に差(p<0.05)が認められた。主治医による有効性の判定ではU検定でRo-8181群が優れている傾向が認められた。主治医による安全性の判定では副作用発現率がRo-8181群83%, placebo群14%であり, U検定で両群間に差(p<0.001)が認められた。主治医による有用性の判定ではU検定で両群間に差は認められなかつた。以上の結果より, 帯状疱疹に対し, Ro-8181は皮疹のうち水疱·膿疱に対して有効であり, 主治医判定でも有効性が認められたが, 安全性については本薬剤の耐薬性が示されたものの副作用の発現率が高かつたため, 有用性は高くないと考えられた。

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CTAの行政上の取り扱い、歴史、投資戦略等をまず簡単に説明する。CTAとは金融先物、オプション、スワップを対象とした取り引きに関する投資のアドバイスやサービスを個人、ファンドに提供する個人、または組織に対する金融行政上の用語で、正式名はCommodity trading advisorである。CTAという用語は投資信託、ETFを含むヘッジファンド、プライベートファンドへの投資アドバイスにも適応される。CTAs は米国連邦政府による規制対象であり Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) への登録と National Futures Association (NFA) のメンバーになることが義務付けられている。また、CTAはヘッジファンドの投資スタイルのひとつ (Global Macro) でもある。

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The Japan Society for Occupational Health (JSOH) recommends the Occupational Exposure Limits (OELs) as reference values for preventing adverse health effects on workers caused by occupational exposure to chemical substances, continuous or intermittent noise, impulsive or impact noise, heat stress, cold stress, whole-body vibration, hand-arm vibration and time-varying electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields and ultraviolet and ionizing radiation.

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In many passerines, reproductively active females must forage for calcium-rich materials on a daily basis to meet exact calcium demands during egg production. Calcium availability often constrains reproductive output in birds, but is dependent on species-specific foraging traits and local calcium availability, and, thus, land use. Here, we examined whether calcium availability limits the reproductive output of Green-backed Tits Parus monticolus over a four-year period in mid-altitude subtropical

of Taiwan. We compared soil nutrients and the availability of calcium-rich snails between mixed-oak and Japanese cedar Cryptomeria japonica plantation. We also provided supplementary calcium (in the form of snail shells and chicken eggshells) in the nest boxes of half of all pre-laying pairs breeding in both habitats. The reproductive output of birds across the two treatments and two habitats was recorded. Our results showed that the soil was very acidic in both habitats. Compared to the mixed-oak , the litter in the cedar plantation contained marginally significantly more calcium, while the soil had significantly higher pH and exchangeable Ca²⁺. The cedar plantation supported similar, or even higher, snail abundance than the mixed-oak . We found no abnormal eggs with defective shells in either habitat. We also found no significant difference in clutch size, egg mass, egg shape index, egg volume, clutch volume, or hatching success across the two calcium-treatment groups or the two habitats. Calcium availability had a weak effect on the reproductive output of birds in the two habitats, possibly because the study area supported a high abundance of snails. Our results, combined with our calculations of the calcium demand of birds, suggest that calcium is not a limiting micronutrient for egg production by Green-backed Tits in the montane of subtropical Taiwan at present.

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Intracerebral injection of vegetative myxamoebae of strains of Polysphondylium pallidum caused 80 to 100% mortality in mice, whereas a 30 to 50% mortality occurred with strains of Dictyostelium giganteum and D. mucoroides. Death is attributable to an unidentified toxic factor. Histopathologically a giant cell formation was seen in the spleen of mice. This cell was different from Langerhan's or foreign body giant cell. Rats injected intracerebrally behaved similarly. Intranasal instillation of myxamoebae in guinea pigs caused transient pneumonia. Myxamoebae do not multiply in the brain tissues of mice or rats, or in the lungs of guinea pigs.
Intranasal instillation of vegetative myxamoebae is less pathogenic than free living amoebae like Hartmanella culbertsoni, H. rhysodes, Naegleria sp. (Culbertson strain HB-1), or Naegleria aerobia.

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The city of Patan as all other towns of Kathmandu valley, is predominantly inhabited by Newars. The Jyapu community of Newars, who are farmers constituting the major population group of Kathmandu Valley towns is considered to have the earliest connection with the Kirata who ruled and inhabited Nepal during the prehistoric period prior to the 5th century. This paper analyses the physical structure of the settlement quarters of the Jyapu community based on the field study of Dupat role of Patan and shows the distinct features of the settlement with a neighbourhood square as the community centre which is different from the Buddhist quarter analysed in our previous paper. It also posits that the form of the Jyapu community settlements might represent the earliest idea of the urban settlement in the history of Kathmandu Valley.

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This study explores care practices associated with the circulation of blessing pills called "Jinden," which are connected to deities and monastic politics in Tawang, Northeast India. While many studies on Tibetan medicine or Sowa Rigpa discuss institutionalized Tibetan pills in the global market and the interface between medicine and religion, they have not adequately examined the blessing pills administered in monasteries and their relationship with care experiences. Referring to the perspective of power objects in Tibetan Buddhism, this study argues that lay people act as active patients who negotiate with other people, deities, and spirits through Jinden. The historical process of Jinden circulation and its interaction with care and monastic politics are also discussed to highlight how care practices reconfigure hierarchies in monasteries. This article extends the existing knowledge on care practices and further explores the relationship between medicine, religion, and bodies in studies of care and Sowa Rigpa.

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We examined the vertical stratification of birds in relation to foliage in different vegetation types along an elevation gradient in Sikkim, Eastern Himalaya, India. We used variable-width point count methods for sampling birds spread across 20 transects along an elevation gradient from 300 m to 3,800 m above mean sea level. We estimated species richness, abundance and Shannon-Weiner diversity (H′) of birds in seven height categories (0 m, 0-5 m, 5-10 m, 10-15 m, 15-20 m, 20-25 m and >25 m). Foliage structure and complexity of vegetation was assessed along all transects following Erdelen (1984) and Jayson and Mathew (2003). Birds displayed distinct vertical stratification in terms of species richness, abundance and diversity in Sikkim. Overall, maximum species richness (231) was observed at 0-5 m height followed by 5-10 m, 10-15 m and the ground layer (0 m). There was no significant difference in stratification pattern among elevation zones. Each height class harboured distinct species composition of birds with low similarity among height categories. We observed maximum foliage concentration within 10 m height from the ground, and the trend was consistent in all of the zones. Correlation analysis revealed significant positive relations between foliage abundance and species richness, abundance and diversity of birds. Results of this study have highlighted the significance of under-storey or sub-canopy vegetation in maintaining and conserving avifaunal diversity in the Eastern Himalaya.

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The nd Annual Meeting of Japan Society for Science Education (JSSE) was held on July 29-31, 1998 at Tokyo Gakugei University in western suburb of Tokyo with about 290 registrants under the main theme of "Towards Implementation of Science Curriculum for Construction of Creation and Symbiosis." Number of papers over 210 were presented in both main sessions and general presentations. There were two symposiums, one lecture, one forum, one international forum, one workshop, three sessions of themes set by the steering committee and ten sessions of themes set independently by members of JSSE in main sessions. Also, there were many other general presentations. Many papers were presented coping with the main theme. They were a lecture related to learning and creativity based on advance of brain, and many presentations related to symbiosis such as relation between in-door and out-door school activities, school based research activities such as curriculum development, and way of finding new methodology of research on classroom, consistency of curriculum through elementary to high school, pre-service teacher education, and so on. Contents of claims and discussions in every presentation in main sessions are summarized in this paper.

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A financial market is a diversified dynamical system with many constraints, and price movements are modeled in terms of the micro properties of each transactions and the macro properties of dynamical systems. These two properties must be bridged by the multiplicity. The model forcuses on the size of tick and the number of transactions with the price movement compared with the previous transctions and explains stochastic nature of short-term volatilities and persistently stable long-term volatilities as a results of unique behaviour of heterogeneous market participants.

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DiGeorge syndrome (DGA), velocardiofacial syndrome (VCFS), and conotruncal anomaly face syndrome (CTAF) are frequently associated with q11.2 deletion syndrome. We report two cases of q11.2 deletion syndrome. Two patients had cleft palate, and facial dysmorphism. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was used to show deletion of chromosome q11.2. Palatoplasty was performed at about two years of age with the patients under general anesthesia. The postoperative course was uneventful in both patients.

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Disturbances that shift a community away from its potential natural state may also degrade the quality of that community for some species. Having an index to measure changes in habitat quality resulting from such disturbances would be useful in assessing the impact of human activities on native fauna. We propose that average egg mass per clutch and offspring size for a population in a particular habitat may be a useful index of habitat quality, and perhaps degradation, for that population relative to the status of populations occupying other similar habitats in that region. We studied American Robins (Turdus migratorius) breeding along streams in three canyons on the western side of the Toiyabe Mountains of central Nevada, USA. The level of habitat degradation associated with cattle grazing and other human activities was determined a priori based on soil and understory vegetation characteristics. The density of adult birds and their body condition did not differ among canyons with differing habitat quality, nor did clutch size or brood size at day 8. However, nests containing larger eggs and chicks were associated with canyons assessed as having a higher quality, or lower level of degradation.

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Nest-site characteristics may affect the daily survival rate of avian nests. We monitored the nests of Chestnut Thrush Turdus rubrocanus breeding in an agricultural landscape near the Lianhuashan Natural Reserve (central China) during the breeding seasons of 2013 and 2014. We describe the Chestnut Thrush’s breeding ecology and used logistic-exposure methods and an information theoretic approach to assess the factors influencing daily survival rates of nests. Results from model averaging indicated that daily survival rates of nests consistently decreased from habitat edge to interior, contradicting the classic edge effect hypothesis describing predation of avian nests. Concealment of nests from below was positively correlated with nest daily survival rates, whereas concealment from the side and from above were not. These results suggest that determining the various effects of vertical and/or horizontal concealment on nest survival rates may help us assess the variation in the ability of local predators to detect nests.

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本稿はマイトリパのヴィクラマシーラ僧院追放とアティシャの関与の問題を検討し,僧院における声聞乗の律と金剛乗の三昧耶の対立を述べる.マイトリパ(別名アドヴァヤヴァジラ)は有名な学匠でありタントラの実践者でもあった.マイトリパの生涯とその事績について論じた羽田野伯猷は,アティシャに十九年間師事したナクツォ訳経師からの口承に基づくとされる『アティシャ伝』に大きな信頼を置いてマイトリパの追放事件に言及している.Mark Tatzはこの問題を再検討しチベット人歴史家の方法論自体に疑問を挟み,羽田野論文に批判的な見解を提出している.本稿では最初にチベット人の歴史書を引用する.つぎにTatz論文の要点を紹介する.そこで筆者は,僧院規律に違犯して追放された出家者が,僧院の外部に何らかの活動拠点をつくり,それが金剛乗の信解者たちの交流の場となる可能性を指摘する.玄奘を始めとする中国人巡礼僧の報告によれば,インドの仏教僧院は「大小共住」であった.こうした状況下で,タントラ行の目的で酒を備えもち瑜伽女と目される女性と飲むことが僧院追放となるのであれば,ガナチャクラや「行の誓戒」「明の誓戒」などの金剛乗の信解者に義務づけられている行の実践はおよそ不可能となる.それらのタントラ的実践は単なる創作だったのであろうか.もし実際になされていたとすれば,問題はどこで実行されていたかである.ひとつ明確なことは,誰が僧院から追放されたとしても,その金剛乗の比丘は「ヴァーギーシュヴァラ準則」(bhiksum vajradharam kuryat)によって持金剛者のアイデンティティをもっていることである.僧院に属する金剛乗の比丘と僧院外部の在俗瑜伽行者が金剛乗の仲間内にだけ開かれた何らかの宗教施設でタントラ的行を実践することは可能だったはずである.金剛乗の世界が僧院以外の施設を建立し運営していたことは典籍に窺える.金剛乗の比丘たちはそのような施設を訪れタントラ的実践を行っていたと筆者は問題提起する.

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