Many Natural History specimens stored in museums are research materials produced by academic scientists and citizen scientists. They are also future research resources for both re-examining studies and applying new scientific approaches and technologies. The specimens sometimes have value as cultural resources for use in museum exhibitions and various activities. Examples of applications of Dr. T. Hongo's mycological collections and other collections are presented. Local natural history museums, as they need to contribute to local communities, have to utilize natural history materials not only as research resources but also as cultural resources, in order to promote research and exhibitions, education, and local development. Nevertheless, they are fundamentally related to research activities. Universities are important sources of natural history materials. However, because it has become difficult to conserve them within universities, there is the issue of how to conserve materials for the academic community in the future. Museums need to be positioned within the academic system to conserve research resources, and to promote public participation and understanding. Museums also need to be positioned within appropriate policies, not only related to science, but also to promoting culture and education.