The ability of Climacodon septentrionalis to immobilize and kill a mycophagous nematode (Aphelenchoides sp.) in vitro is described for the first time. Two isolates produced droplets (20–45 μm in diameter) that formed at the apices of tall, stalked, and branching secretory cells (700–1,500 μm tall). On 2% modified malt extract agar, nematodes became enveloped in the droplets, which restricted their ability to move and resulted in complete immobilization and death within several hours of contact. The rate of decomposition of the nematodes varied considerably, with most individuals persisting for weeks whereas others were degraded within several days and appeared to be colonized by dense hyphal growth. This study provides the first documentation of a non-agaricoid fungus producing secretory cells that are able to immobilize nematodes.

抄録全体を表示

2-Benzyl--chloro--mercapto-3 (2H)-pyridazinone (1) was heated in ethanol under reflux for 10 hours to form concurrently 2, 7-dibenzyldipyridazo [, - : ', '-]-1, -dithiin-1, (2H, 7H)-dione (Ia) (57% in yield) and 2, -dibenzyldipyridazo [, - : ', '-]-1, -dithiin-1, (2H, H)-dione (IIa) (14% in yield). Assignment of the two products to the corresponding structures is established by their physico-chemical constants and chemical behaviors. The concurrent formation of the dipyridazo [, - : ', '-]-1, -dithiin-1, (2H, 7H)-dione and the -1, (2H, H)-dione were observed in, not only heating -chloro--mercapto-3 (2H)-pyridazinones (1-3) in polar solvent, but warming -mercapto--chloro-3 (2H)-pyridazinones (-) in the presence of potassium carbonate in DMF. For the interpretation of the reaction, keto-thioketo carbenes as active intermediate species and a reversible interconversion among them are suggested on the basis of the fact that there was nonexistence of an equilibrium between the two compounds, such as Ia and IIa, under the reaction condition and a trapping keto-thioketo carbene species as 2-phenylimino--benzylpyridazo [, -d]-1, 3-dithiol- (H)-one (IVa) (14% in yield) along with the major products, (Ia) and (IIa), was furnished by warming 1 with phenylisothiocyanate in the presence of triethylamine in dry benzene. On the contrary, participation of a reversible interconversion between Ia and IIa, to a considerable extent, with the concurrent formation of them in the case of benzylation of either Ib or IIb, by warming with benzylchloride in the presence of potassium carbonate in DMF at 80°, might not be neglected, because an attempted approach to an equilibrium between Ia and IIa in a similar reaction condition except the use of benzylchloride realized, whereas non-existence of an equilibrium between Ib and IIb in the similar reaction condition was observed.

抄録全体を表示

Some existing analytical methods which have been used in geotechnical engineering are modified to handle the shear strength reduction with time due to softening in fissured, over-consolidated clays and mudstones. These are limit equilibrium analysis of slope stability, calculation of earth pressure and calculation of stress and displacement around a tunnel. The softening effect is incorporated in these analyses using the failure criterion and the time-dependent strength parameters proposed previously by the authors. Examples are presented which emphasize the importance of appreciating the softening effect in analyses and further illustrate that the effect of shear strength reduction with time due to softening could easily be captured with existing analytical methods.

抄録全体を表示

To show that he has no gift for natural science, Socrates successively cites at Phaedo C2-7 several cases revealing a way of conceiving aitia. These cases have perplexed commentators and have often been regarded as a confused treatment of problems of a completely different nature (Hack forth, Crombie, Annas, etc.). Rejecting such an interpretation as well as those so far submitted by other scholars(. g. Vlastos, Gallop) , this paper tries to elucidate the continuous sequence of thought presented in this passage as follows: Socrates begins by giving a simple example of the scientist's type of explanation, namely,(1)a human being grows, i. . becomes larger, since eating and drinking cause the appropriate matter to be added to each part of the body(C7-D). Now, if this explanation of "becoming larger" in terms of "coming to be added"(προσγιγνεσθαι)is correct, it must be the case, more basically, that "being larger" is due to "being added" (προσειναι) of extra magnitude : (2) one person is larger than another, because an extra length(. g. of a head)is added(D-1), and(3)ten is greater than eight because of an extra two being added(2-3). However, Socrates could not accept these explanations, nor could he even accept () the simplest explanation that the aitia of things' becoming two is the addition or propinquity of one to one(or, for that matter, division of one) (7-3), and thus finally he abandoned such a method of investigating aitiai(-7). Thus we can see that Socrates(Plato) is examining the conception of aitia stated in(1) , simply by shifting to more and more basic levels of thought, (2) (3) and(), without the slightest "confusion" alleged by critics. All these "puzzles" are resolved seriatim by applying the theory of Forms to each(100-101D). However, various objections to this method have been raised by scholars : the theory is wholly uninformative(Shorey, Vlastos, Crombie, Gallop) ; contrary to our expectation of an explanation of the coming-to-be of concrete things rather than the acquisition of attribures by already existing things, we actually find that the theory is concerned only with the latter(Hack forth, Gallop). Defending the theory of Forms against these and other objections, the present writer argues why only Forms should have the full status of aitiai of "being", and that the theory thereby offers a firm foundation for a correct understanding of the problem of "coming-to-be", even though the theory is not a wholly adequate explanation for the alteration implied in the concept of becoming, as Aristotle pointed out(De Gen. et Corr. , Metaph. A). While it admittedly leaves several points for future discussions including the point cited above, the Phaedo passage of 95 through 101D can and must be regarded as laying a solid foundation for Plato's later natural philosophy and cosmology as fully developed in the Timaeus and Laws Book X, which, with Psyche(the source of all motion and alteration in the universe)and Forms(the principle of(meaning) and(value) )as its most basic factors, undoubtedly incorporates a view of nature that we need today.

抄録全体を表示

A comparative study of the static and dynamic response of a slope is carried out, using the large deformation theory of the updated Lagrangian formulation and the conventional infinitesimal theory. In the static analysis, a strength reduction method proposed by one of the authors is used to evaluate the safety factor of the slope. It is found that by the large deformation theory, the safety factor is larger than that calculated by the infinitesimal theory, and this difference becomes large along with the reduction of elastic modulus. In the dynamic analysis, it is observed that the large deformation theory gives smaller sliding displacement and larger response acceleration than the infinitesimal approach. It is concluded that in many cases the large deformation approach gives more adequate solutions.

抄録全体を表示

The design implication of stress-confinement effect of nonwoven geotextile is addressed. The unconfined and confined strengths of a selected needle-punched nonwoven geotextile are used to conduct a comparative design of a granular soil retaining wall based on a limit equilibrium approach. A higher wall may be allowed when considering the confined strength as compared to the unconfined strength. For a selected wall height, confined strength allows for fewer geotextile layers when compared to that designed using unconfined strength. It is recommended that stress-confinement test procedure should be standardized so that confinement effect of some nonwoven geotextiles may be incorporated into an individual wall design procedure.

抄録全体を表示

-Amino--mercapto-1, 3-dimethyluracil (2) was prepared by the treatment of , -diamino-1, 3-dimethyluracil (1) with liquid H₂S and pyridine in a sealed steel tube at 60°C for 20 h. Thiazolo[, -d]pyrimidinediones 3a, were obtained from 2 by cyclization with HCO₂H and AcOH.Under stringent conditions, however, 1 was converted into the , -dihydrodipyrimido[, - : ', '-][1, ]thiazine derivtive a.The structure of a was confirmed by spectral (nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectra) data and by comparison with a sample which was prepared from 2 and -hydroxy-1, 3-dimethyluracil.Benzylation of a gave 1, 3, 7, -tetramethyl--benzyl (or p-bromobenzyl)-, -dihydrodipyrimido[, - : ', '-][1, ]thiazine-2, , , -(1H, 3H, 7H)-tetrone (, c) and 1, 3, 7, -tetramethyl--benzyl (or p-bromobenzyl)-, -dihydropyrrolo[3, 2-d : , -d']dipyrimidine-2, , , -(1H, 3H, 7H)-tetrone (a, ).

抄録全体を表示

The performance of single pitch and multi pitch screw anchors during the application of installation torque is presented. An experimental testing program was conducted using five models of screw anchors with different geometry. The effect of the shape of the screw element, sand properties, and installation depth on the required installation torque value was examined. A theoretical model was developed from which the required installation torque value can be calculated in terms of the influencing factors. The required installation torque can be determined in terms of the ultimate uplift resistance calculated from any of the available theories. Based on the actual installation torque value measured in the field, the anticipated pullout capacity can be back calculated from the present theory. A comparison between theoretical and experimental results showed good agreement. Also, good agreement was observed when the present theoretical results were compared with the available field results reported in the literature.

抄録全体を表示

It has been shown after mathematical and mechanical investigation that Limit Equilibrium Method (LEM) can be considered as a method to obtain the necessary condition of Slip Line Method (SLM), and that the solution can be obtained under the condition that F_s=1 and ∂F_s/∂θ=O, where F_s is the safety factor and θ is the inclination of the plane on which the safety factor is defined. Next, the generalized LEM (GLEM) is proposed, dealing with the following points : (1) Triangular or quadrangular blocks can be treated; (2) Safety factors are defined also on interblock planes; and (3) All types of plastic problems, slope stability, bearing capacity, and earth pressure are identically formulated. Two situations regarding treatment of the moment equilibrium condition are discussed. GLEM is applied to well-known problems. The results agree well with those obtained by theoretical methods. GLEM can be used to obtain the distribution of earth pressure or bearing capacity. GLEM, Iike ordinary LEM, is very effective for the practical problems, but GLEM is more theoretical and it can result in more accurate solutions.

抄録全体を表示

Reaction of methyl isocyanoacetate with aldehydes (RCHO) in the presence of 1mol% of gold(I) catalyst prepared in situ by mixing bis(cyclohexyl isocyanide)gold(I) tetrafluoroborate and (R)-N-methyl-N-[2-(dialkylamino)ethyl]-1-[(S)-1',2-bis(diphenyl-phosphino)ferrocenyl]ethylamine in dichloromethane at 25℃ for 20-40h gave optically active -methoxycarbonyl--alkyl-2-oxazolines (1) with high enantio- and diastereoselectivity in a quantitative yield. The ratios of trans-1/cis-1 and enantiomeric purities of trans-1 are as follows: RCHO=PhCHO; /11, % ee (S,R). ()-n-PrCH=CHCHO; 80/20, 87% ee. ()-MeCH=CMeCHO; 91/, 95% ee. MeCHO; 84/16, 72% ee (S,R). i-PrCHO; 98/2, 92% ee. c-HexCHO; /3, 90% ee. t-BuCHO; 100/0, % ee. The oxazolines 1 were converted readily into optically active β-hydroxyamino acids and their derivatives.

抄録全体を表示

【目的】LASIK後眼に対しTotal Keratometry（TK）を用いたLASIK用IOL度数計算式と従来式による予測屈折誤差を比較し、TKの有用性を評価する。

【対象及び方法】近視LASIK術後で白内障手術を施行した18例27眼（平均年齢60.

±.7歳）を対象とした。眼軸長、角膜屈折力（K値）、TK値の平均±標準偏差（SD）は、26.±1.mm、39.7±1.D、39.2±2.0Dであった。比較式はBarrett TK True-K（-TK）式、EVO TK（-TK）式、Haigis TK（H-TK）式とBarrett True-K（）式、EVO（）式、Haigis-L（H）式、Shammas-PL（S）式、Camellin-Calossi（C）式とした。予測屈折誤差の絶対値平均±SDと±0.D以内の割合を比較した。

【結果】絶対値平均±SDと±0.

D以内の割合は-TK式：0.18±0.16D（％）、-TK式：0.20±0.16D（93％）、H-TK式：0.46±0.39D（52％）、式：0.18±0.35D（85％）、式（％）：0.21±0.32D、H式：0.35±0.25D（78％）、S式：0.29±0.27D（78％）、C式：0.37±0.33D（56％）であった。

【結論】TK値を用いた

-TK式と-TK式はその他の式と比較して予測屈折誤差が同等又は小さく有用である。

抄録全体を表示

Two new partially saturated tricyclic ring systems, , a, 7, , , 10, 10a, 11-octahydro-11-oxodibenz [, ] oxepins (3a and 3), and -thiepins (a and ) were synthesized. Compounds a and were desulfurized to give a pair of isomeric 2-methylbenzoylcyclohexanes (10a and 10). Deuterated a and (11a and 11) were prepared starting from butadiene- (12). The stereochemical features of 3a (trans), 3 (cis), a (trans) and (cis) are compared with those of 10a, 10, 11a and 11 on the basis of proton nuclear magnetic resonance data.

抄録全体を表示

The possibility of attenuation of microseismic waves due to the presence of an upward folding of the ocean bottom into the liquid is discussed in this paper. The upward folding of the ocean bottom has been idealized by means of an irregularity in the form of a rectangle intruding into the liquid and the evaluation of the displacement component at any point of the solid medium has been carried out in two stages. First, the change in the incident mode of the surface wave due to the presence of the rectangular irregularity has been determined, and second, the subsequent change of the resulting displacement components due to the termination of the liquid layer and the step change in elevation of the solid medium at the continental margin has been discovered. Finally, numerical calculation has been made to determine the attenuation of the microseismic waves of different periods due to the presence of the rectangular irregularity at the ocean bottom.

抄録全体を表示

The effect of dietary vitamin on 7,12-dimethylbenz [α] an thracene-induced mammary carcinogenesis in rats and on the lipid peroxidation due to DMBA was investigated. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were given iv injections of 2 mg of 7,12-DMBA at both 56 and 62 days of age. Feeding of control diet (included 20 mg of vitamin per kg) or diet included 235 mg of vitamin per kg (YES-group) was initiated at 2 week before the first carcinogen injection and was terminated at 120 days postcarcinogen. Control rats had % incidence of mammary carcinoma, whereas there was 71% incidence of cancer in YES-groups (P>0.05). Similarly, the average number of cancers per rat was significantly reduced in YES-groups (7.2 versus 3.7; P<0.01), and latency of cancer appearance was prolonged in comparison to con trols. Serum lipoperoxide level were significantly decreased in YES-groups compared to controls (.88versus 10.26; P<0.05). Serum vitamin leveles were significantly elevated in YES-groups in comparison to controls (1.98 versus 0.; P<0.001). In the groups, in which were switched from control diet to vitamin supplemented diet and vice versa at the time of 84 days of age, there were a % and % incidence of mammary cancer and average number of cancer per rat were . and . respectively.
The effects of vitamin on lipid peroxidation due to DMBA were studied. It was found that malonaldehyde (MDA), one of the most important products of lipid peroxidation, increased suddenly in the liver, mammary fat pad and serum with the treatment of DMBA. But, excess increase of MDA was significantly suppressed in the rats fed on vitamin diet. Furthermore, temporal depression of serum vitamin was induced by the administration of DMBA in both the control group and high vitamin group, being significantly (P<0.02) marked in a high vitamin group.
It was co ncluded that inhibitory effects of vitamin on DMBA-induced mammary carcinogenesis might be caused by the inhibition of lipid peroxidation with vitamin , and lipid peroxidation might play an important role in DMBA-induced mammary tumorigenesis in rats.

抄録全体を表示

Based on the concept "intermediate soil wedge" which is dependent on mobilized frictional resistance, a new theory has been developed for evaluating the seismic earth pressures against retaining walls under any condition between the active and passive states. For this theory, the seismic earth pressure is separated into four components according to their formation. New equations are proposed to determine the distribution, resultant and point of application for each component. An equivalent seismic coefficient is introduced to take into account non-uniform seismic acceleration distribution with depth. The equations place special emphasis on dependence of the seismic earth pressure on mode and level of wall movement. The equations can be reduced to the Mononobe-Okabe equation for the limiting conditions. Their applicability was confirmed by comparing the predictions with a number of previous model test results.

抄録全体を表示