The purpose of this paper is to analyze where photovoltaic may be introduced by extending a simple Alonso model. First, we demonstrate theoretically the relationship between the construction of photovoltaic and the distance from CBD by using an explicit distance-rent function. Second, we predict empirically the conditions for establishing the photovoltaic along Joban Line districts, by using actual rent data.

View full abstract

In this paper quantitative method about buildings and landuse pattern is discussed by distance among near buildings(DNB). We analyzed following three steps. Firstly, we figured a calulating algorithm, secondly we analyzed characteristics of 4 index about DNB and statistical relations of DNB to building area ratio by each lot unit , thirdly we discussed combination patterns of DNB average and urban space pattern. We considered the worth of DNB as urban planning method following two points : 1) DNB average and Building area ratio were pretty independent each other. That is to say, DNB did not show density but arrangement. 2)DNB would express not just near buildings pattern and small vacant apace but also lot-street patterns.

View full abstract

This paper aims to clarify the change of the commercial characteristics in the 28 areas in Tokyo of attracting visitors from wide area. The main findings are as follows: 1) 28 areas are classified into 7types in the change of the degree of the attractions based on the frequency and way of the appearance in the titles on magazine of city information. 2) the rate of dress and accessory shops to all shops is high in areas where the total of all kind of shops and the total of the shops attracting visitors from wide area are increasing. 3) large areas having over 1,500 shops have well-balanced types of shops. 4) 7 types have relations to the changes in some commercial statistics, but have not necessarily relations to the total of shops, and some small areas such as "DAIKANYAMA" "NISHIAZABU" frequently appear in the titles on urban information magazines.

View full abstract

This study focuses on the differences of wayfinding behavior of foreigners and Japanese at Umeda area. 111 samples of them were unobtrusively tracked until each destination and interviewed with regard to their reference frames, reasons, and difficulties in available cases. Average quotas of a) times of lostness, b) times of lostness per 100 meters, c) rate of extra walking distance, d) time and e) speed clarified that foreigners needed more extra compensative behavior to arrive a destination and paid more psychological pressure than native Japanese. Cognizing spatial structure of city environment is more difficult because of different social and cultural context. Quality and quantity of guidance at information centers need to be more efficient and helpful for all people.

View full abstract

The purpose of this basic study is to describe some temporal characteristic aspects of action occurrence from the point of view of Act-finding in regard to strolling behavior in underground street area.Some types of actions have been gotten from the videotaping records by the observation: Eyes action includes 'gaze', 'look around' and 'look back'; walking action includes 'wind', 'return', 'turn', 'stop', 'accelerate' and 'slowdown'.The total of the recorded actions by the experimental investigation is 782. Eyes action is 421(53.8%) and walking action is 361(46.2%). That is, eyes action and walking action occur at the about same rate.The log-log graph of the interval time of actions and the number of times decreases with repeating increase and decrease. The result clearly shows that the relation between the interval time of actions and the number of times is fractal (the fractal dimension is 1.07).There is striking difference between eyes action and walking action because the occurrence of eyes action shows linear-like decrease and that of walking action shows logarithm-like decrease as much as interval time gets long.

View full abstract

In this paper, we introduce a sector-shaped city associated with the infinitely dense circular-radial road network system. Assuming that trip end points are uniformly and mutually independently distributed over the city, we calculate the circular-radial distance distribution. Although the process of calculation consists of the quite complicated classification of formulas, the final result is proved to be very simple one. According to this result, we calculate characteristic values. Our output will be applied to analyze the efficiency caused by the shape and the metric of cities.

View full abstract

In this paper, we consider the optimal location of a single bridge that minimizes the mean and the variance of the distance between uniformly and independently distributed points within a sector-shaped city whose transportation network consists of a radial-ring system of roads. We examine the effects of a bridge on the enhancement of movement efficiency over a city from a geometrical point of view. Our results indicate that although the overall mean and variance of the distance cannot be reduced dramatically the addition of a single bridge have great potential in relieving the traffic congestion of the central city area.

View full abstract

In this paper, we first discuss theoretically the differences between the ordinary Huff's model and the Huff's model associated with the negative exponential gravity function. If you use the ordinary Huff's model, the frequency of the choice of stores does not depend on the speed of movement in the region. However, if you use the negative exponential Huff's model, the frequency does depend on the speed. After describing such theoretical aspects in detail, we formulate some types of gross sales calculation models for two stores on one-dimension region. Adopting the negative exponential gravity function to these models, it is proved that the sales for each store are expressed as a monotonous fuction of the speed of movement. Our results can be used to analyze the effect of the development of transportation systems on regional commercial activities.

View full abstract

In this paper, we discuss the tendencies of telephone call numbers in the eastern part of Japan. The tendencies of the phone traffic data seem to follow the gravity model as a whole, but if we analyze details, the tendencies are very complicated. We use the gravity model as a basis, and using the concept of backward calculated distance , we show the regional structure of telephone calls. We show a new visualization method using the multi-dimensional scaling method by means of virtual distances on purpose to general analysis. By our analysis, we clarify the specialness of the regional structure in telephone calls.

View full abstract

To discuss the validity of regional economic policy aiming at developing information service industries in peripheral area, we analyze spatial expanse of business activities of Information service firms located in Kyusyu region. Data are collected through a questionnaire survey of firms and their employees. Business relations of firms are mostly constructed within Kyusyu region, but important customers are often located in metropolitan areas. So employees are often visit customers located in metropolitan area for a business meeting. Many employees are hired from schools or firms located in same prefecture as an employer, however, part of highly educated and well-experienced labors are employed from metropolitan areas. We also examine the workers stationed at a customer's office.

View full abstract

This paper is about the possibility of public participation using On-line Cooperative Planning and Design System based on VRML, therefore the effects and problems of the system were discussed. The survey was carried out by design experiments and a workshop in Kanazawa City. The results are summarized as the followings: Participants can make their own designs, criticize them, and discuss about them with the system. Furthermore, the possibility of public participation by the way of the Internet free access and Internet workshop were examined through our experiments.

View full abstract

The purpose of this paper is to examine the spatial structure of Shimokitazawa from traffic volume and store density. The study supplies "the space syntax theory" by Bill Hillier for the complex street pattern of Shimokitazawa, calculating numerical value of "depth" we subdivide city open space and make numerical value of depth. Our main findings are mainly as follows. 1)In Shimokitazawa, the station does not locate on the center of the city, and people gather around the station and stores gather around the center of the city. 1)Fashionable shops locate in the place that is deviated from the center of the city. 3)These characteristics make the area attractive to customers.

View full abstract

Urban block is directly related to road networks in city. If buildings were arranged to maintain efficiency of traffics between each other building division of urban blocks would be expected. This study aims to show restraint of detour ratio of paths or average path distance can divide urban blocks and maintain efficiency of road networks. Differences of effect by regulation were tested from experiment using a grid based urban growth model on computer. Detour ratio regulation had a good effect and it was robust to different type of estimation for location. Average path distance regulation also had effect, but it also had second side effect that restrains growth of city.

View full abstract

We analyze the distribution of building size in Damascus Old City, Syria. First, the distribution in the whole old city is discussed. Using MDL criterion and binary tree segmentation, we create suitable area-partitioning model for the area data of buildings. The area-partitioned map shows the structure; the center area has both small buildings along streets and large buildings inward, and its surrounding area has large and middle size buildings. Secondly, distribution of building size in each block is examined. A scatter diagram of building size and distance to the nearest block boundary is plotted. The buildings form three clusters on the diagram. Characteristics of each cluster of the buildings are observed on the map.

View full abstract

This paper aims to visualize the nodal structure based on the Cluster Analysis Method. The similarity matrix based on OD traffic flows generated in each zone is used to calculate the dendrograms in Cluster Analysis. The methodology exploits the algorithm of visualizing the nodal structure based on the directed tree and adjacency matrix of Graph Theory. The algorithm of visualizing the nodal structure is applied to the journey-to-work travel in Sapporo City using person trip data for 1972, 1983 and 1994. Cities grow in population and employment and the relative location of homes and workplace changes along with journey-to work trip lengths. It is possible to visually grasp that the changes of the land-use pattern affect the journey-to-work travel through the nodal structure.

View full abstract

In line with the private oriented economic vitarization, local government is expected to take more flexible land use leading measure such as district based taxzation and subsidy, adding to the present rigid land-use reguration measures.
This paper aims to build a land-use model being able to estimate the effect of such monetary measures. Based on observed land price data, bid rent functions of several types of land-users in monetary term are estimated, those are embedded into a logit type random bid rent model.
The proposed model, when estimated with geographical data for the 100m grids in Higashi-Hiroshima City, shows good reproductivity of land-use as well as land price. Simulation analysis using the model shows the influence of land-use taxation.

View full abstract

The aim of this paper is to make it clear that mechanism of the land location process in the land readjustment project area. Then, micro land use models for a block and a lot are proposed. These models are considered the spatial interaction that represents the state of land use in the neighborhood of the location.
The parameters of the spatial interaction variables show the accumulation preference of homogeneous land use. A simulation of the model for a lot is executed and shows good performance. Furthermore, to test a simulation result statistically, Spatial fit indicator (SFI) is applied. Our simulation model cleared 10% level of test.

View full abstract

This paper focuses a facility location model assuming that demand for service originates from users traveling, which is not directly for the purpose of obtaining the service, as is seen in actual behavior. We combine such a flow-demand location model and the traditional median model. Effect of change in jobs-housing spatial structure on optimal facility location is analyzed considering two types of demand: commuting-based demand and home-based demand. With some examples on an ideal triangular lattice urban network, it is shown that facility location decentralizes toward outer suburbs as spatial correlation of home and workplaces gets stronger, or as home-based demand gets more dominant.

View full abstract

Individuals conduct different activities conditional on their limited time and monetary resources etc. In general, they do not evaluate these activities equally because of their different priorities. Performing one specific activity reduces the probabilities of performing others. Longer travel time also has a negative influence on the occurrence of the activities. However, conventional time allocation models do not consider this kind of interaction clearly. Therefore, this paper proposes a new time allocation model based on multi-linear utility function. This function is a linear function with subject-specific terms and interaction terms, where subject refers to the activity and the interaction terms express the interaction among different subjects in a multiplicative form. The effectiveness of the proposed model is confirmed based on an activity diary survey collected in Sapporo city in 2002.

View full abstract

The purpose of this paper is to clarify how spatial structure of the area, where a district heating and cooling system(DHC) using combined heat and power generation or a photovoltaic system is introduced, affects energy conservation. First, on the assumption that the area contains offices, residences and stores, the author calculates energy conservation ratio for different patterns of land use. Second, the floor area ratio at which energy supplied by the DHC is smaller than that by the photovoltaic system is showed. Third, the author examines the cost of those systems and shows the floor area ratio at which energy conservation per cost by the DHC is larger than that by the photovoltaic system.

View full abstract

The main theme of this paper is to clarify the moment when the network with a given distinctions will be generated.Especially,we analyse the process such that the most important global structure in which every point is totally connected,is going to appear.In order to do this,we use the random-graph theory that is the combination of graph theory with probability theory.We have to show that nlogn is the threshold function for connecting every n members, in other words, nlogn the necessary and suffient number of edges for spanning n vertices.We would like to discuss the conclusion of compairing the theoretical result with the computational result.

View full abstract

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the safety of the local street by the residents. We conducted the questionnaire survey to examine the hazard incidents and affection factors. It is assumed that the incidents occurred by the conditions of area characteristics, load condition and traffic situation. The parking cars that belong to the traffic situations cause a lot of hazard incidents on the local street in the land readjustment area. It shows that the maintenance and management is the important factors for hazard incident prevention on the local street with the road equipment. On the other hand, the passers-by feel the stress from the narrow load in the area remained the past condition.

View full abstract

This study took up a shopping mall town user's traffic action for the problem in central city area. This study created the model that catches a shopping mall town user's generating and mode choice continuously. Only individual differences were taken into consideration in this study. The model only in consideration of individual differences is simple and intelligible to catch generating and mode choice continuously. This model was applied in Nagasaki City, in which the streetcar is widely used. Furthermore, in this study, the trial calculation was made whether there is any change of generating and mode choice of a shopping mall town user by the extension of streetcar route.

View full abstract

This paper aims to examine the influences of urban form, indicated by distribution of population and employees, on energy consumption by vehicle trips in Hiroshima metropolitan area. Five different distributions of population and employees are set up based on three types of urban forms; concentration in city center, spreading to suburbs and dispersion to suburbs. The more population is dispersed to suburbs of the city, the higher transportation energy is consumed. It is found that the development both of housing areas and working places in a suburb has possibility of curbing the growth of transportation energy consumption.

View full abstract

The walking distance to the bus/tram stop or station is one of the important travel resistances, which should be reduced for attracting people from private vehicle to public transport. This study aims to estimate the loss of potential uses which locations and facilities of bus/tram stops cause and to address some improvement measures and their effect. Through comparison of various type of stops and analysis in case studies, it was showed that locations and facilities of bus/tram stops cause increases of walking distance and reduction of potential users living in walking range from stops. These impacts appears clear in case of setting acceptable walking distance as short as 250 meters. Population in walking range could be improved at least two or three times larger than before, through moving bus/tram stop to nearby pedestrian crossing.

View full abstract

In recent years, the success example of the city-type community bus since 'm-bus', Musashino city is beginning to be reported in Tokyo metropolitan area. In these successful cases, the bus-route was set up based on market research and considering geographical conditions (e.g. accessibility to bus stops) well.
In this study, the use trend of 'Irisloop' - a new City-type community bus - was analyzed by micro viewpoint, such as a position relation between one's home and bus stops. Then we considered a policy for pulling out potential demand of community bus.

View full abstract

Congestion charge policy is most effective one among transportation demand management policies. Recently, road pricing that is one of the congestion charge policies is examined to be introduced into heavy congestion roads in Tokyo. This policy has influence on modal split between road and railroad, and then the government can use the collected congestion charge for improving railroad service level. In this paper, we have proposed theoretical models to determine simultaneously home departure time and modal choice with / without congestion charge. And, we have analyzed influence of congestion charge and return schemes on modal choice between road and railroad. From results of numerical simulation, we have shown that scheme of return to other mode doesn't improve utility. Furthermore, scheme of pricing to railroad commuters is more effective.

View full abstract

The aim of this paper is to study parking space for the disabled in shopping centers with respect to their provision and utilization. We surveyed 73 parking lots for the disabled in 10 shopping centers in Okazaki city, Tokai city, and Anjyo city in Aichi prefecture. The results of our research show that parking lots for the disabled are more frequently used by the normal persons than the disabled. In order to assure the possibility of utilization of parking lots for the disabled, it is discussed that existing parking lots must be maintained not to prevent their utilization, more parking lots should be provided to increse parking opportunities, and manner of the normal persons who use the parking space should be developed.

View full abstract

This study explores the impacts of personal and household characteristics and the spatial structure on travel behavior, especially on mobility by household income level in Bangkok Metropolitan Region. The models are estimated using structural equation modeling and based on the 1995 UTDM/BEIP Home Interview Survey. The results highlight the key roles of car ownership, gender, education level and monetary costs of travel in explaining the observed level, chance and intensity of mobility. It is also indicated that the effects of urban activity density and distribution becomes more significant as household income level increases and personal and household characteristics have less significant power for the highest household income group.

View full abstract

In recently, it is much expected for people living in urban area to improve their living environment through 'living environment project' including several projects, such as the "Community Zone" project, public park allocating, barrier free, Sports center, and so on. This paper analyzes the importance of the living environment projects for citizens and clarifies the values (use value, non-use value) for citizens in the projects. We carried out two questionnaire surveys. First we grasp the roles and the values of the living environment projects and the "Community Zone" project from the standpoint of all the citizens. Second, we clarify several aspects of citizens' needs toward both those projects.

View full abstract

In European countries and USA, environmental awareness of car sharing members is higher than that of others. And long term members increase public transportation trips.The objective of this paper is to estimate the car sharing demand model, with environmental awareness and environmental activities in daily life. We define the index of environmental awareness from the survey of daily environment activities. The demand model was estimated that included the characteristics of commuters, the index of environment awareness and the level of car sharing service. This model includes that, as the index of environmental awareness rises, willingness to pay for car sharing is enhanced.

View full abstract

In this paper,analytic models are developed for optimizing circular route bus services with elasticity in their demand characteristics. The demand function include the wait time(running interval time), service time, travel time, access time and fare. The optimization objective is maximum social welfare. The social welfare consists of the consumer surplus and the total profit. The application of this model is confirmed by using the actual road network in Nagano city. The model is used to perform simulation experiments,and to analyze the characteristics of the optimal running interval time and fare.

View full abstract

Information systems for placing and receiving order of commodities have been developed to improve the commercial business activities. However, it is difficult to quantify the influence of information systems to the logistics activities. This study tries to clarify the direct and indirect effects of information systems to the logistics activities by using information systems placing and receiving. Direct effects improve the commercial business activities while indirect effects influence the logistics activities. It was found out that among the direct effects of EOS (Electronic Ordering Systems) are decreased in the percentage of manpower and ratio of error to commercial business activity. On the other hand, its indirect effects is expressed by the reduction of lead time to the logistics activity.

View full abstract

In the case that imported shipping cargoes are handled in a logistics center located in the inland suburbs, the transportation seems to be complicated and have long distance. The purpose of this study is to reveal the characteristics of this complicated location behavior of logistics centers in waterfront or inland districts. In this cost analysis based on interviews, it is implicated that it is necessary to reconsider location regulations, support constructing facilities and improve commuter access in waterfront districts to reduce inefficient transportation and make the efficient use of waterfront districts.

View full abstract

The area of Otemachi-Marunouchi-Yurakucho is the first and biggest CBD in Japan.This area is going to bere-developed into a large-scale international business and commercial center of Japan.It is expected that illegal of parking pick-up and delivery services"on-road"will cause serious traffic congestion than ever.Social experiment of parking management and co-operative delivery services was conducted in this area aimed not only to decrease the volumes of truck traffic and air pollution but also to test the effectiveness of the freight delivery system.Underground truck parking spaces and freight stock point had been made for the experiment.Although the experiment was successful and proven to be effective to improve traffic situation as well as enviromental problem,the challenge of cost allocation to introduce these services seems unresolved.

View full abstract

An economic evaluation model for TDM package policies composed of Road Pricing and P&R system is proposed.Our model is based on the urban economics,which has only one CBD and residential area along a corridor connecting from suburban area to CBD,in order to analyze the effect of TDM package policies not only in the closed but also in the open city,because we want to evaluate the effect of TDM policies as an urban management policy. We can find following results;1)The TDM package policy composed of two TDM policies is more effective than an individual policy in the total travel cost.2)The TDM package policy is useful in the closed city rather than in the open city and is effective as the short-run urban management policy.

View full abstract

Road pricing policy is one of the promising TDM measures which can solve effectively the traffic problems such as traffic congestion and air pollutions, but it is said that the policy has income regressive effect. In or-der to evaluate the regressive effect of the road pricing policy, we construct a multi-class network equilib-rium model of the users' mode choice and route choice behaviors for the several income classes. In a simple network example, it is shown that, with the road pricing policy, lower income users will be made worse off and higher income users will be made better off. However, using the revenue of pricing for the improvement of related transport services we can compensate the loser and alleviate this income regressive effect. Finally we apply this model to the Tokyo Area and evaluate the regressive effect of proposed cordon pricing policy.

View full abstract

The purpose of this paper is to show commuter's attitude and behavior to change of a commutation allowance supply system to reduce private cars. Nagoya City has doubled a commutation allowance of employees who bicycle daily to work and halved it of ones who commute by car at a distance less than 5km since March in 2001. As a result the number of automobile commuters within 5km decreased 50% and the number of bicycle commuters increased 30%. 82.3% of all commuter agreed with it. Not only a cost of commutation but also attitude to environment and agreement of the policy are important factors in modal choice of commuters.

View full abstract

In this study, we investigated long term effects of a psychological solution called TFP, that was implemented as an transportation and environmental educational program, on travel behaviors and psychological factors that may determine automobile use. We found the interventions used in TFP had effects, as we supposed, on behaviors and psychological factors even 1 year after that intervention was implemented. This empirical results imply that TFP may be used as an effective TDM measures that are used both for restriction of automobile use and for promoting public transport use.

View full abstract

Recently, energy consumption by using car has been increasing. So, there are many interests in compact cities from the point of view of environmental preservation. This study aims to show effectiveness of car usage reduction by application of land-use control policy. Surveying ABC policy in Netherlands and PPG13 in England, we found out effects and problems of the co-ordination between Land-use and Transportation planning, and tried to find requirements for implementation of land-use control policy in Japan. Analysis of data from Person-trip Survey in SEIEN-urban area shows relationship between commuters' car usage and location of offices. In addition, the results obtained from simulation show that it is more effective to move office to location well served by public transportation with the amount of parking space is limited.

View full abstract

The main purpose of this paper is to examine the actual policy-making abilities of Local Governments, based on the findings of a survey. The findings can be summaries as follows: (1)Local Governments are obliged to form comprehensive plans by themselves due to various factors. (2)These governments are attempting to involve citizens in decision- making processes in comprehensive planning. However, they are often unaware of exactly how to do so and, as a result depend on the advice, methods, and knowledge of professional consultants. (3)At present many Local Governments are trying to become more aggressive in forming their own policies, but the situation is still chaotic.

View full abstract

This study aims at the present condition of the Internet use and the IC (Integrated Circuit) Card use of the middle-and old aged. We try to show the possibility of citizen involvement expansion for community development using the electronic community currency with IC card. Although middle and old aged people are tackling positively participation to the local electronic conference room, and the attendance to IT training programs, the difficulties of PC operation have barred the participation. The rate of the application of the advanced age layer of the IC card is higher than that of the young and middle age's it. Electronic community currency with IC card has the possibility of expanding the citizen involvement in community development by the middle aged and the elderly.

View full abstract

As the public has tended to express being involved in decision process of various facility siting which would cause NIMBY (not in my backyard) syndrome and some institutions on public participation has enforced recently, the authorities are required to secure visibility and to take accountability. European and North American countries have developed many public participation programs and "fairness" notion forms the basis of these. This paper provides a view on fairness in facility siting by literature survey in mainly sociology and social psychology. Findings from evaluating 2 examples with the framework demonstrate that deepening common understanding on potential perception gap on fairness among stakeholders in early stage would helps making successful progress of the process.

View full abstract