In Rhoen as 'land of open vistas', a strategy to preserve habitats of endangered indigenous species by a particular form of agriculture, called 'Preservation by Consumption' had been disseminated by organizations for conservation. A number of producers and restaurant proprietors are working together to confirm the regional agriculture. By campaigns they bring the influence of environmentally compatible food production on the ecosystems and landscape to the ordinary consumer. For the restaurants it is difficult to convince more of their guests to attach importance from where their food is coming. As we show in this study, very few feel personal response for the future development of the region. To succeed in sustainable development of the agriculture of the Rhoen it is necessary to put new life in the communication between man and his biosphere, which is been interrupted in modern consumer societies.

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This study aims to clarify the actual conditions of the transfer location and the reuse of land of public facilities and the tendency of its improvements for downtown revitalization by the research.As the result, gravity of the location of public facilities to outside of downtown has become high. And it worries about not only the decrease of downtown visitors but also lack of consideration for old people, because of the municipal hospitals which are newly establishment or transfer to the outside of downtown. In addition, reuse of land is diversity and there is the possibility of contribution for the downtown revitalization, but it depends on device of reuse of land.

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Shopping center, goods appeal of each store, introduction of a store, the individuality expression (a streetlight, an arcade, the flag into which the name of a shopping center was put) as a shopping center, and the visual information of urban infrastructures, such as a telegraph pole and a road side, are overflowing further. A new scene element has been arranged to this shopping center, and the effect to a tourist was measured quantitatively.While reflecting this result in the master plan about space maintenance of a future shopping center, this analysis result was utilized for accumulating in the agreement formation of a shopping center to that maintenance plan.

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In order to achieve a sufficient carbon dioxide emission reduction at the city scale, a building updating strategy should be appropriately implemented into the commercial sector. To support designing such a strategy, this paper suggests a methodology to model the end-use energy for the commercial sector at the city scale. This methodology can be characterized by the bottom-up structure that enables to evaluate energy saving measures with different scopes from improvement of energy consuming appliances to insulation of buildings and advancement of energy supply systems (e.g. installation of a combined heat and power system). After explaining the methodology, this paper evaluates the effectiveness of various energy saving measures for the commercial sector of the Osaka City. Based on the results, we discuss how building updating strategies could contribute to the energy saving and carbon dioxide emission reduction.

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he UK government has set a target to generate 10% of UK electricity from renewable energy sources by 2010 for cutting the carbon dioxide emissions, and the policy strongly affect to the planning system. The purpose of this paper is clarified how planning system can work for the use of renewable energy sources in England. The paper firstly reviews the new planning system, followed by the analysis of renewable energy strategies developed by nine regional assemblies. From the analysis, the size of the development and proportion of renewable energy are clearly decided in London, however, the policy is not highly identified by applicants. The understanding of renewable energy system is important to planners; therefore, guidance making and co-work mechanism between planning and energy sides are important.

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At introductory stage, the hydrogen energy is promised to be provided for fuel cell vehicles (FCV) as well as proton exchange membrane fuel cell-combined heat and power plant (PEFC-CHP) in residential areas for accelerating the hydrogen infrastructures. The objective of this paper is to clarify that the hydrogen provision method for the FCV and the PEFC-CHP affects the primary energy consumption reduction comparing with the hydrogen provision for only FCV. The operation method of the PEFC by using demand data for electric power and hot water in Japanese residential areas was numerically studied. The hydrogen production process was numerically studied, and benefit of hydrogen energy system was compared with the conventional energy supply system. The hydrogen provision for the FCV and the PEFC-CHP was better than only for FCV provision system from the energy consumption point of view.

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To achieve sustainable target, it is required for citizens to refrain from driving and decrease environmental load. In the decreasing society, it's more important to seize the individual personal condition, namely the type of trip makers than the type of their zones. This study aims to clarify how the type of trip makers and the type of their zones influence each transportation behavior and environmental load. The result shows that the effect of transportation behavior on total environmental load depends on behavioral types of trip makers such as 'car-dependent groups' rather than the type of residential zones. It is indicated that not only change of urban form but also Mobility Management such as behavior modification is indispensable to realize sustainability.

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In Miyazaki-City, a huge shopping center opened in urbanization control area through planning permission by competence of the city. In 1998, when triple planning laws were enacted, such situation was not assumed. Various plans were decided at the end of 90's, and it seemed difficult to allow a large-scale retail store in suburbs of Miyazaki. However, because the Kotobukiya was assumed to be unable to restart, Miyazaki-City prepared to admit the shopping center, and revised the integrated plan and the municipal master plan. In the committee for revision, the city asserted that the decision was already made, and didn't offer enough materials to committee members. Thus, the plan was revised, and the shopping center was permitted. Afterwards, the examination claim from an opposite side was rejected, and less numbers of parking than the guideline of the large-scale retail store locating law were admitted.

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The main problem in the field of location control of the development in the suburbs in Japan is to make the prevention of the sprawl development compatible with the activation of the suburban area. It should be worthwhile to show the way of control the location of the development in Germany, since the conformation of the settlement in some region in Germany is similar to it in Japan. The objective of this research is to clarify the way of prevention of the sprawl development compatible with the activation of the suburban area in Germany through the investigation on the deregulation ordinance and the real situation of the development.

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Index to examine local scale sustainability is highly required to develop now. Especially, it is important to evaluate the effects of a variety of land-use policies on sustainability for coming declining society. This study aims to improve and utilize one of the most popular indexes, "The Ecological Footprint", in Japanese local autonomy. Prospect of sustainable land-use plans are also examined by this index. The results show that values of Ecological Footprint in local zones are relatively larger than that of environmental capacity. It is also clarified the importance of land–use control concerning activity retreat from suburbs.

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Industory NPOs in the U.S.A.had developed into variety offorms and tyey can be classified into three categories, 1 Single-function NPOs:This type of NPOs representsits member's interest. 2 Public-private-partnership NPOs: This typeis a productof joint effortwith industry leaders and local govenments to struggle with riginal issues. 3 Rrginal-network NPOs: This type is to realize sustainable reifinal development and unification of reginal effort toovercome geginal compitition. The characteristics of this type of NPOs is to establish NPOs around them to form up NPOs networks and they function as new type of regional governance.

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In developing countries including Southeast Asian countries, there is growing importance of people's participation in the local government's decision making process. Through this participation, both people and the local government are expected to be empowered and then create their new relationship. In Indonesia, too, the situation is the same especially after its decentralization. Recognizing this point, this paper aims to investigate the local governments' activities for the popular participation in the annual development planning process in Indonesia, through a case in Yogyakarta Special Province, which will be a base for further research on the process that people and local governments will create their new relationship. In conclusion, this paper points out the problems of the planning process, the problems of the participation, and local government's activities for overcoming them.

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This paper observes the diffusion of Italian master plan and PdF(Program of building) from the City Planning Act(1942). Their numbers are increasing by their obligation of government ordinances; 100 cities designated in 1954, 4022 cities in 1971, and now almost cities are designated by decentralized regions from 1972. This research was composed by the several research in the different period of government ordinances and their reports. This paper identify many differences from Japanese conditions of Master Plans. For examples; the municipal authority of Building control by land-use zoning of Master Plan, the license of Planner, and the approval process of the Master Plan. The conclusion of this paper emphasize the importance of proposals to the citizens by planners and their approval process by the city council and the region

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The purpose of this paper is to make clear the role and problem of "The Institution of Taipei Community Planner" that as a public support system for the community landscape design based on direct residents' participation. As a result, in the six years (1999-2004) since the support system was initiated, a total of 125 "Remaking the Neighborhood Environment Program" have been selected form 230 competitors to embark on, for many, a hereto untried collaboration with various communities in bringing about tangible changes to their immediate environment. On the other hand, it is necessary to establish a collaboration system in the administration inside of the city.

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In participatory planning, it is important to call the public for information input and to enhance the quality of information through public discussions. In fact, the application of Internet mapped information board system is becoming popular as one of the public participation tools. This paper identifies the characteristics of collected and accumulated information and discussion development through the analysis of information postings in the case of e-Community Karte application to the update of the Mitaka City Comprehensive Plan. The authors conclude that 1) the nature of information varies according to the method of posting and the postings complement each other both in quantity and quality, and 2) the postings with positional information tend to be more concrete and the discussions of high quality are developed in relation to space.

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The purpose of this paper is clarifying the relation between the regional gap of city planning area and residents consciousness after consolidation of municipalities.The focus of research is quantifying three relations, city planning, city structure, and residents consciousness.The city which analyzed is Isesaki-City,Gumma which already carried out the consolidation of municipalities.In analysis of residents consciousness, factor analysis and covariance structural analysis were performed using the result of residents consciousness survey. The analysis results showed that there was a close relation to three relations, city planning, city structure, and residents consciousness. This paper releases these analysis results and makes them an aid of reorganization of city planning area.

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The dynamics of commercial activities in cities has been explored by the Harris-Wilson's balancing-mechanism model. In this paper, the role of city-shapes and road network patterns is discussed in the model in detail. We first demonstrate some properties of retail patterns in two cases: (i)sector-shaped city; (ii)radial-ring road network. In particular, we compare the position of commercial centers in each case. Next, we apply the model to Tokyo metropolitan area and Japanese mainland to examine the validity of the model. Setting parameters appropriately, we have derived the well reproduced patterns that could be the theoretical background for the formation of real commercial centers and large cities. We also analyze the effects of development of transportation infrastructures on regional commercial activities.

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The purpose of this study is to describe analytically how some kind of urban activities are distributed in cities based on the interaction which is determined by the distance between two points in the city.In order to obtain such a distribution, employing the threshold value regarded as the limit distance/time to which the influence from the arbitrary point in the region can be reached, we define the adjacency function of which value is either 1 or 0.By using the adjacency function, we make the formulation as it can be applied to the several practical cases including the continuous urban space.As a result, we show that the concentration and dispersion occurs by the ratio of the size of city to the threshold, and that the activity distribution is proportional to the area of the region reachable within the threshold in the particular case.

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In this paper, Wilson's doubly-constrained entropy maximizing spatial interaction model is generalized in order to deal with trips with a halfway stop between origin and destination. It is well known that the classical entropy model is derived according to the origin and destination constraints. In our study, adding halfway stopping constraint to the classical model, we propose two types of spatial interaction model which can be applied to several practical issues in urban planning: (i)estimation of trip distribution under triple constraints; (ii)estimation of the number of visitors for each halfway facility under the spatial interaction formula.

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The purpose of this paper is to estimate policies of urban green spaces both in terms of their areas and spatial relations each other. A new index which combines 2nd-AI and residences' accessibility is developed and is introduced, as well as each index, to estimate the urban green space policy of Osaka City as a case study. The analyses obtain results as follows; (1) the spatial ecological potential of each ward in Osaka city is estimated by the agglomeration index, (2) the efficiencies of urban green spaces are able to be compared in view of living things, (3) distributed patterns of urban green spaces are located on a figure by efficiency and accessibility, (4) it is confirmed that the new combined index is clearly able to represent good spatial distribution of urban green spaces.

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In this paper, we analyze location of main city-hall after municipality consolidation in Japan. First, we derive the munimum population condition where an city-hall location is the absorbed solution of Euclidean Weber problem, which is frequently used in location analysis. Second, we show the technique to show the geographical superiority on municipalities using the condition on a linear map.Third, we examine how the geographical superiority affects city-hall location in Japan using actual about 300 municipality consolidation data. We conclude geographical superiority is important factor for decision of city-hall location.

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Bicycles are better transport mode than cars from an environmental point of view. In addition, although the speed of bicycles are slower than that of cars, the travel time by bicycles can be smaller than cars because of traffic and parking congestion. In particular, Tsukuba Science City has longer pedestrian paths, so bicycles are more convenient modes. In this paper, we set up a simple model to specify the regions where the travel time by bicycles can is shorter than cars in the Tsukuba Science City. Then, we examine geographically how the parking congestion affects the areas. Moreover, we characterize the effect of the pedestrian path in terms of bicycle mode.

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The purpose of this paper is to clarify the property of road network pattern by considering relationship between neighborhood intersections.
The proximity graphs like Delaunay diagram(DT) and Relative Neighborhood Graph(RNG) are used to analyze the road network pattern of major cities in Japan as network construction model.The GTP index and the Crossing Factor are used to compare road network with regular road patterns.
Each link of proximity graphs using the point data of intersections in digital map is compared with road links.From the result of Tsukuba Center district, the links of RNG include most of the Grid road and some of major street cannot explain by proximity graphs.The matching ratio of road gets larger as GTP gets larger.

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Japanese urban fabrics have been transformed dramatically due to modernization. The purpose of this paper is to investigate what the modernization meant by means of studying Kyoto as a case. This study provides analyses on Kyoto's Spatial Configurations throughout ages and An Urban Planning Project held in Kyoto. Our analyses revealed that a Street made strong impact on Kyoto for transforming from early modern to modern form; however, this transformation was not deliberate effect by the project. We found that the aim of the project was to convert Kyoto to a radial pattern by putting a ring road around the conventional area. In contrast to this intention, the Modern Kyoto was born by making a new centre in outer Kyoto besides the traditional centre in inner Kyoto. By way of conclusion, the modernization in Kyoto can be interpreted as a trend of de-centralization and homogenization.

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This paper proposes a method for partitioning a region into sub-regions so that attribute values in each sub-region are as uniform as possible. First, we show conditions that methods for partitioning a region should satisfy. Second, we describe global characteristics of a spatial distribution of continuous values over a region as a network, and propose a method for partitioning via dividing links of the network. We also show the proposed method is satisfactory in terms of the above conditions. Third, we show the effectiveness of the proposed method, through its application to a numerical example. Last, we conclude with future work.

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This paper considers the problem that the each of two neighboring communities on a linear space builds an incinerator, a typical NIMBY facility, for its residents. The remote location reduces negative externality, but increases the tax to finance long-haul shipments. The urban configuration prescribed by the problem has one to four residential districts, and the switch among those modes occurs discontinuously depending on the parameters and exogenous variables. While discontinuity prevents us from conducting comparative statics analytically, some properties can be tested statistically. The effects of the parameters on the endogenous variables are examined asymptotically, and the difficulty associated with the statistical method is discussed. The combination of locations that will achieve the highest equilibrium utility is briefly examined.

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The main theme of this paper is to show the following three results:a.if the number of points is less than 20, almost all neighborhood trees are composed by just first nearest links and second nearest links,and the third links are not used. b. from this information, if N point-facilities are located randomly on 1x1 square, we can prove that the upper bound for the length of neighborhood tree on these N points is less than 0.698 square rootN. c. the length of neighborhood tree on these N points can be estimated 0.665 square root N.

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This paper aims to analyze and clarify the usage mixture in collective housings in Tokyo 23 wards. We made new database which includes information about both building use and units us by combining different 2 databases .Then we analyzed usage mixture in collective housings. In this study, GIS is used as a tool of the information processing and the analysis. We visualized distribution of mixture-ratio of residence purpose use and business purpose use for units in collective housings in 23wards to discover where usage mixture happens remarkably. Moreover, we focused on 6 narrow areas recognized as high- mixture- ratio areas. The main findings about the usage mixture in collective housings are as follows: 1) It is more incident at the wards in the central Tokyo. 2) It is more incident near the station. 3) It is more incident when there are less collective housings and more business purpose buildings in surrounding etc.

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We previously showed that urban environmental sounds lacked for inaudible high-frequency component (HFC) and could result in various modern diseases through decrease in the deep brain activity. These findings suggest a strategy to improve the urban information environment by complementing urban environmental sounds with HFC and the deep brain activity. We examined the physiological and psychological effects of the complement of the urban environmental sound with HFC originated from natural environmental sounds of tropical rain forests. We found positive physiological effects including enhancement of the power of the alpha frequency range of the electroencephalogram, which serves as the index of stress-free status and highly correlates with DBA, and increase of the activities of NK cell and immunoglobulin as well as decrease of adrenaline. In addition, we found a psychological effect that the amenity of the environment improved.

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In recent years, several institutional frameworks were enacted by jurisdictions in Japan, which were intended to provide some type of economic aid (compensation) to the households that are deprived of their dwellings by natural disaster and reconstruct or rent a house in the damaged region. In this paper, a dynamic model is formulated to investigate house-owners and tenants' housing choice after disaster as well as owners' insurance behavior before disaster. The effects of the subsidy system for reconstruction and lease are found such that owners in young generation are motivated to reconstruct houses in the region and tenants in elder generation choose staying in the region over emigration, while owners are discouraged from preparing for disaster with insurance.

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The stochastic urban model proposed by Aoki was very similar to the thermodynamic molecular model. From the viewpoint of this similarity, we introduce the corresponding concepts to the entropy and the free energy in the thermodynamics into the urban model in this paper. Using these concepts and the mean field theory that is a technique of statistical physics, we can show that there are two cases on equilibrium; one stable state case and the two stable states case with the dependence on the parameter of urban model. In latter case, the equilibrium state of land use changes discontinuously, under the continuous changes of parameters by the urban control. It suggests the necessity of the whole city of activation, making stagnant.

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This paper aims to evaluate the damage caused by facility closing and road blockades for risk management. A simple model with which we can examine the effect of facility closing and road blockades in the same framework is formulated. We analyze the increase in travel distances to the nearest facility when some facilities and roads are closed. Comparing a facility closing with a road blockade, we show that the damage from a road blockade is at most 25% of that from a facility closing. In addition, we demonstrate that much damage is caused when the adjacent facilities and roads are closed.

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Many cities are facing to rapid aging, decrease of inhabitants and subsequent problems of restructuring community, public service, maintenance of regional facilities. This paper proposes an estimation method of future age structure of small area, which is important information for those issues, based on the mesh-based Population Census Data. The proposed method first uses cohort survival calculation to find net immigrations of age groups. Factor analysis extracts stable tendency of household groups in different lifecycles. Vector auto-regression model enables to forecast the future tendency of household immigration in each mesh. The result of an application in Hiroshima Metropolitan area proves the applicability of the method and several insights, comparison with the conventional simple method based on Cohort Change Rate.

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In "nature-rich residence area" which has rich nature and makes a new lifestyle possible, it has been a subject to which decrease in population and low birthrate and longevity, and it is necessary to secure personnel for community improvement. In this research, the new system for the raising awareness which used "Mobile-Phone with GPS" and "Web-GIS" was built, and we verified change of consciousness for the children of Shinsyu elementary school using the image map. Consequently, children have recognized the difference of opinion with themselves and old men at a glance; it is because both investigation data was visualized on Web-GIS in an instant. By it, these systems have checked contributing to the children promotion to independent-minded notice. And it turned out that these tools can discover many local resources for a short period of time, since the local information on 172 points was acquired by the investigation activities on only two days.

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This paper describes the meaning of the Concept or Normative Theory of "CHI-IKI-RYOKU" and "Social Capital" for planning theory, especially the discussion after the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake. In the first of this paper, we discuss about the concept or normative theory of "CHI-IKI-RYOKU"and"Social Capital".Secondly, four social or urban policies are compared what concept they meant. As results as follows : 1) the concept of "CHI-IKI-RYOKU"and "Social Capital"normative theories are not reflected to the social or urban policies directly, 2) these theory have to prove from both theoretical issue and practical seen as Machizukuri.

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About 40% of all the elementary schools are linked to their neighboring parks in Sapporo city,and we think it is very effective to make use of the linking situation between elementary school and their neighboring park for the school education and local activities. The aim of this research is to analyze 1)the linking planning intention 2)characteristics of the linking patterns 3)the relation of the linking patterns and park usages. And we could find some characteristics of the linking situation as follws, 1)only Momijidai area have the linking planning intention in Sapporo.2)the linking pattern varies in the scale of the urban park. 3)We find some relation of the linking patterns and usages between elementary schools and their neighboring parks.

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In 1936, the Taiwan Government-General enacted the Taiwan City Planning Order by combing the 1919 City planning Act and others. As the legal basis for city planning, the Order was since applied to the Taiwanese cities in the colonial period till 1945. This study aims at clarifying the characteristics of the Taiwan Order as compared with the 1919 Act by analyzing the contents of both and also the application practice in Taipei City. Our findings include such features as (1) the 'progressive' nature of the Order; (2) the Order's originality considering Taiwanese tradition and climate; and (3) the strong planning powers under the colonial government.

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The purpose of this paper is to clarified Taga City Planning and Newly Industrializing City Planning Project in the World War II. First, 1919 CITY PLANNING LAW was applied to Taga town in Apr.1, 1939. Second, Taga legally designated urban plan was instituted in July 30, 1940. Third, zoning and land readjustment were determined in Dec.2, 1941. Taga Land Readjustment Project was one of the Newly Industrializing City Planning Projects in the World War II. Three land readjustment regulations were instituted to carry out this project. Taga land readjustment plan was designed in accordance with the department of interior's instruction.

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This paper analyzed realities of commercial and industrial merchants in Shoro District in Keijo, paying attentions to their locations and removal, depending on the "Member List of Keijo Commerce and Industry Bureau" issued in 1923, 1930, 1935 and 1940. Proving the land use of the district which had been perceived ideally up to now, this paper revealed the fact that those merchants had continued their business through modifying their trading items and business styles, or removing their locations reflecting real-estate situation of the district. But still, the decline rate of the existing commercial and industrial merchants as almost the same as that of a district from downtown of Tokyo from the same era. Through such a drastic change, the character of the central district of Keijo was gradually formed.

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This study investigated the relation between The CHOSEN Shrine and Keijo (Seoul; at present) urban improvement. An existing study discussed the difference of two conclusions of the selection of the site for the shrine from the viewpoint of the departure spot of the approach to the shrine. The study concluded that "the city axis" connected the shrine and governor-general's office. However, this study clarified the axis had not been formed according to systematic master plan. The approach had not been connected to the axis at the point in time of enshrining site decision. This study concluded that the axis, connected the shrine with governor-general's office in Keijo, had not been built strategically.

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This thesis focuses on plaza as a concept of city planning, and also aims to figure out how the plaza has been recognized when we think over the issue of Shinjuku West Plaza's conceptual transition, which arose in 1969. By tracing the history of the name change of West Plaza, the following points are learned;1) Plaza must have the function of supporting strangers to exchange their ideas through assemblies and debates, namely, make reaction against society. 2) Plaza requires the place where the general public gathers round, and a process of their approval toward the place.

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This study aimed at clarifying the theoretial background of the planning of Tokyo Park System. It has been recognized that Tokyo Park System started in response to influence to the resolution about the greenbelt in International Town Planning Conference Amsterdam in 1924. However, in this study clarified following 3 knowledges. 1) The greenbelt was not recognized as what prevent the formation of endless seas of houses, in 1932 which Tokyo Park System Conference launched. 2) Keienchi Parks Plan which Tokyo Park System Conference draw up first had received influence in an American Park System, the concept of regional plans and the forest parks. 3) The word "Ryokuchi" was used as a the natural ground in the sense of a recreational place not as a non-building area which prevents expansion of cities.

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This paper aims to pay its attention to shops with expression functions at a center at Nagahama and Naramachi , and to clarify the quality of life of those shopkeepers and those location trends. Findings are as follows.1)Downtown area residents take a role of running those shops and an expression is one of the advantages of the downtown area residence.2)That quality of life of "interchange" and "will" and "satisfaction" improved after expression is pointed out. 3)At Nagahama, those shops occur with progress of community making, on the other hand Naramachi has the atmosphere that is suitable for creation activity of artists.

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This paper aims to find out the history of the "IKKAN-IKKOKU-project", and the problem and the way to overcome these to continue the international exchange activities by citizens, based on the interview and questionnaire survey and so on. Findings are as follows; 1)The project fully enlighten the citizen's consciousness of international exchange activities. 2)Their activities are classified in 5 types, and15 fields. The implementation rate of "Support Type" is low, but once "Support Type" activities start, they have tendency to continue the activities. 3)There is circulation structure in the "Support Type" to link another "Support Type" activity. "Exchange Type" activities carry over next step. 4)The factors such as the difference of the way to deal with the problem, relationship between purpose, activity type and existence of key person provide for present activity patterns.

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This Study aims to reseach and examin the Height Control from the view points of history from 1919 to 1970, in the Building Standard Law and the City Planning Law. By analyzing the reason why the standards of Building height control was repealed and the Floor area ratio restriction was applied in 1970, we whoud like to clarify about the regulations and controls in the Building Standard Law, and the City Planning Law. The result are as follows; (1) The Standards of Height Control as 100 and 65 shaku (31m,20m) were unfounded numerical value. (2) The Floor Area Ratio were applied by the request of the economic and architectural world in a high-growth period.

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This paper analyzes how the riverbank area along the Sakura River has been evolved since it was officially registered as "Kashi" in the Meiji era. Kitasakura-kashi and Minamisakura-kashi were investigated. To fully understand the diversity of each kashi, kashichi maps from 1882 and official kashichi license documents from 1882 and 1889 were mainly used. The evolution of kashi is analyzed from the point of view of land use and ownership and in four periods: pres-Shikukaisei, post-Shikukaisei, post-Great Kanto Earthquake and post-World War II. In the third period of the Meiji Era, they were prosperous by iron commerce. But they declined as water transportation was less used. The Sakura river was buried after the World WarII. Each lot of kashi was sold out to compensate deficit finance of Tokyo Metropolis. But the post river still remain public space. It is helpful for the renewal of this district to research about the preserved historical stocks.

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Kenji Ishihara (1895-1984), the fifth president of the City Planning Institute of Japan and the pioneering researcher on Japanese farmhouse architecture, was also the most important person in the movement for urban beauty, began in later 1920's by the newly established Society of Civic Art. Ishihara had always governed the management of the society as the standing director from 1925 to 1981. His thoughts and theories on urban beauty were not restricted to visual aspects. He thought urban beauty as physiological indicators related to living environments. In addition, he paid serious attention on historical characters of city and continued to insist of close relation between urban beauty and urban planning.

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Land Use Planning has not come as an outgrowth of urban planning but primarily from the search for constructive policies in agriculture and forestry. In the early 1930s, Lewis C Gray in the USDA`s Bureau of Agricultural Economic decided to retire huge amounts of submarginal land from use and carried a nationwide land use planning program in which agricultural economists surveyed, inventoried, and classified rural land to determine the most effective uses. Meanwhile urban planners expanded their field from city planning to regional and state planning, yet they didn't accept the term land use planning." This paper disclosed that Hugh R. Pomeroy, a county planner in California, introduced the idea of land use planning in the 1930s in order to rationalize county zoning under. Later city planners began to prepare a land use plan for zoning regulation and urban redevelopment projects in the 1940s.

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The purpose of this paper is to clarify the modernization of Habous, that is a nonprofit management system of land and building in Morocco, and to consider the spreading of the Habous projects under the French protectorate. Habous was originally a traditional institute that manages the maintenance fee for public facilities based on the sales of shops or houses. Through the comparison of historical sources about Habous projects, it is turned out that most of the Habous projects were planned to reappear a historical urban fablic consisted of the facilities and shops or houses. It was not only for imitation, but also for a fair management of modern Habous. The Habous project was a pioneering experiment for the modern Moroccan urbanization.

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The purpose of this paper is to propose a scheme of sustainable and collaborative community development, applying "PDCA Cycle" which is a famous way of thinking in quality management field. The trial field is the region along Tokyu-Setagaya line, where there is a locally-proposed community planning group named "Association for Setagaya line and Setagaya district improvement." We analyzed the significance of sustainability and collaboration in community development and checked the awareness sharing effect among participants by the scheme. In the scheme we planned to make "inspection map" to grasp problems and resources of the district and hold several workshops for awareness sharing. Since we verified the validity of the scheme, we plan to keep the scheme, conducting questionnaire toward the residents and further workshops.

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