Autonomic dysfunction and imaging techniques in Parkinson’s disease

Abstract

Various autonomic dysfunctions are manifested in Parkinson’s disease (PD). These abnormalities can be detected by various imaging techniques. Recent studies have revealed that many kinds of non-motor symptoms, including autonomic dysfunction, are already present in patients with PD in the so-called premotor phase before the onset of motor symptoms. Advances in imaging techniques have made it possible to detect slight changes in the early phase of PD and these tests may lead to earlier diagnosis prior to the onset of motor symptoms.