The Energetic Conversion Competence of Escherichia coli during Aerobic Respiration Studied by ³¹P NMR Using a Circulating Fermentation System

Abstract

To determine the actual potential of the energetic conversion efficiency of Escherichia coli during aerobic respiration, apparent P/O ratios (P/O^app) under either limited or standard glucose-feeding conditions were estimated. The previously reported circulating fermentation system (CFS) was used, and ³¹P NMR saturationtransfer (ST) techniques were employed. By coupling with on-line NMR observations, CFS allowed us to evaluate cellular energetics directly, with both the dissolved oxygen tension and glucose feeding precisely controlled to prevent the effect of substrate-level phosphorylation based on aerobic or anaerobic acidogenesis in E. coli cells. Phosphate consumption rates under standard and limited glucose-conditions were estimated as 4.62±0.46 and 1.99±0.11 μmol/s g of dry cell weight (DCW), respectively. Using simultaneously assessed O₂ consumption rates, the P/O^app values under these two conditions were estimated as 1.4±0.3 and 1.5±0.1, respectively. To correlate the obtained P/O^app values with the potential efficiency of respiratory enzymes, we determined the activities of two NADH dehydrogenases (NDH 1 and 2) and two ubiquinol oxidases (bo- and bd-type) during the periods when ST was performed. NDH-1 activities in standard or limited glucose cultures were maintained at 57% or 58% of the total NADH oxidizing activity. The percentages of bo-type oxidase activity in relation to the total ubiqinol oxidizing activity under the standard and limited glucose conditions were 32% and 36%, respectively. These percentages of enzymatic activities represent the respiratory competence of E. coli cells, suggesting that, during the NMR observatory period, the enzymatic activity was not at a maximum, which could also explain the estimated P/O^app values. If this is the case, enhancing the expression of the bo-type oxidase or disrupting of the bd-type oxidase gene could be effective approach to increasing both the P/O ratio and cellular yields.