Solid-state NMR for the characterization of retinal chromophore and Schiff base in TAT rhodopsin embedded in membranes under weakly acidic conditions

Abstract

TAT rhodopsin extracted from the marine bacterium SAR11 HIMB114 has a characteristic Thr-Ala-Thr motif and contains both protonated and deprotonated states of Schiff base at physiological pH conditions due to the low pK_a. Here, using solid-state NMR spectroscopy, we investigated the ¹³C and ¹⁵N NMR signals of retinal in only the protonated state of TAT in the 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine/1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho (1'-rac-glycerol) (POPE/POPG) membrane at weakly acidic conditions. In the ¹³C NMR spectrum of ¹³C retinal-labeled TAT rhodopsin, the isolated 14-¹³C signals of 13-trans/15-anti and 13-cis/15-syn isomers were observed at a ratio of 7:3. ¹⁵N retinal protonated Schiff base (RPSB) had a significantly higher magnetic field resonance at 160 ppm. In ¹⁵N RPSB/λ_max analysis, the plot of TAT largely deviated from the trend based on the retinylidene-halide model compounds and microbial rhodopsins. Our findings indicate that the RPSB of TAT forms a very weak interaction with the counterion.