Neurocognitive approaches to depression from the perspective of neuroimaging

Abstract

Identifying the neurobiological basis of depression using neuroimaging techniques has generated considerable interest amongst researchers. It may enable researchers to formulate effective interventions for major depressive disorders (MDD). Despite the development of many pharmacological and psychological interventions, many individuals with MDD fail to respond to treatment, and instead relapse. It is therefore essential that we continue exploring the underlying nature of MDD, as a greater understanding of vulnerability and phenomenological models will help us identify future intervention research efforts. Functional neuroimaging data suggest that depression is characterized by decreased prefrontal control, which has been implicated in inhibiting limbic regions, as well as by an increased and sustained limbic reactivity to emotional information. Since these mechanisms are potentially important in maintaining depression, addressing them in treatment could be useful. This article reviews a variety of neurobehavioral/neurocognitive techniques that target brain mechanisms underlying disruptions of emotional reactivity in depression. Their use as potential interventions, targeted to address neurobiological mechanisms, is discussed. In addition, this review also indicates the potential utility of these interventions as adjuncts to conventional treatment.