Factors Associated with Low Credit Acquisition Among First-Year University Students:

The Role of Academic Motivation and Engagement

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate how academic motivation and engagement in university life influence the grade point average（GPA）of first-year students, focusing on identifying factors associated with low credit acquisition. The study analyzed data from 426 first-year students at a private university in the Tokyo metropolitan area, gathered through surveys conducted in March and September 2023. Logistic regression analysis revealed that students admitted through comprehensive selection and male students had significantly higher odds of acquiring low credit. In contrast, regular attendance and note-taking behaviors reduced this risk. Motivational patterns changed over the semester, with increases in both purpose-driven motives（e.g., social status, academic interests）and vague or unclear motivations. These findings underscore the importance of providing early, tailored academic and lifestyle support to students, particularly those with diverse or shifting motivations, in order to promote successful adjustment and academic achievement during the first year.