Abstract
Countless companies of unauthorized insurance were set up between the year 1879 and 1884. These companies can be classified into three types on the basis of the death insurance and premium. The feature of the first type is that death benefit and premium were higher and the policyholders were wealthy. The second type is also nearly wealthy. The third type is that premium was lower and the policyholders were poor. Many of these companies are speculative, a few of them were non−profit and mutual aid organization. In the small number of cases, it is possible to see the dawn of Cooperative Insuranc(e Kyosai).
