Abstract
In prewar and wartime Showa era in Japan many counseling centers for education were founded. Counseling at that time stressed advices and scientific ways of advising were discussed. This article aims to reexamine arguments on scientific ways of advising in terms of a modern viewpoint. Giving advice based on common sense was recommended, but it did not seem to be scientific Intelligence tests and research on cases were thought to assure a scientific way, but they didn't offer treatments. Considerations on conditional occurrences were also thought to assure a scientific way. This approach was based on Gestalt psychology and had the possibility to produce alternative clinical psychology.
