Bacterial membrane vesicle and its diversity

Abstract

It has been reported that membrane vesicles（MV）, which are composed of cell membranes of every cell, exist among all life in each kingdom. All gram-negative and positive bacteria produce membrane vesicles. Cell response, mediated by bacterial membrane vesicles, also exists between animals/plants and bacteria, not only between bacterial cells. The roles and physiological functions of MV have been attracting attention in recent years. Active cell death is involved in the formation of MV, leading to their diversity.