Abstract
To address the limited clinical relevance of traditional animal models, we propose the use of advanced mouse models as refined in vivo platforms to improve translational outcomes. In this article, we highlight the utility of “humanized mice” including gene-humanized mouse models and immune-humanized NSG mice, which recapitulate human microenvironments and disease phenotypes in vivo. For those currently using or considering the use of mice, we also provide practical guidance on implementing the 3Rs in animal welfare（Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement） through appropriate colony management and strain selection. Although the complete elimination of animal experiments in preclinical studies remains a challenge, we hope this article helps you maximize the value of animal experiments while minimizing animal use to shape a better future.
