A practical guide to freeze-cleavage of diatom frustules for SEM observation:Detailed protocol, tips, and applications

Abstract

We recently reported a simple method for obtaining a clean cleavage surface of the frustule by rapid freezing in liquid nitrogen. Although this technique can yield high-quality results with minimal equipment, successful cleavage may require appropriate handling skills. In this paper, we present a detailed protocol with practical tips to facilitate broader and more effective use of the method.