Secure Multi-Party Computations Using a Deck of Cards

Abstract

Card-based cryptography enables us to perform secure multi-party computations using a deck of physical cards. Since it was shown in 1989 that secure AND computation can be carried out with five cards, many card-based protocols have been proposed. Card-based protocols can be easily executed without a computer, and their correctness and security are easy to understand for non-specialists such as high school students. This manuscript gives an overview of the evolution of card-based cryptography.