Abstract
In this study, vortex shedding in the wake of a pantograph under various configurations and heights in turbulent streamwise flow was analysed. The immersed boundary method with a structured grid was employed to discretize the pantograph’s complex design. Simulations at different flow velocities and pantograph heights were con-ducted to assess their impact on vortex shedding and force fluctuations. Using the Fugaku High-Performance Computing System, large-scale simulations were efficiently conducted to determine fluid forces on individual links. A numerical approach based on the virtual work principle was developed to calculate the net aerodynamic uplift force and its fluctuation levels. Spectral proper orthogonal decomposition (SPOD) analysis was further applied to the two-dimensional velocity field to examine dominant modes, time coefficients, and energy content for five different cases.
https://ror.org/02e16g702 
