Wing Surface of Lepidopteran Insects (Butterflies and Moths): Layered Structure Composed of Two Kinds of Scales

Abstract

Wing surfaces of most lepidopteran insects (butterflies and moths) are covered with abundant scales. Most scales are classified into two kinds, called cover and basal scales, which are overlapped each other to make the layered structure on the wing surface. The detailed morphology, functions, and development of this layered structure are reviewed and discussed.