Determination of route-based toll for urban expressways with swarm intelligence

Abstract

The single distance-based toll has been applied to overall urban expressway networks. The route-based toll system for urban expressways is introduced in terms of spatial demand response pricing policy. The combinatorial optimization problem for individual distance-based toll for each route should be formulated. Therefore, the ant colony optimization method is applied as an essential swarm intelligence technique in the study. The practical modification and efficient promotion of ant colony algorithm would be discussed. Finally, the efficient combination of route-based tolls is proposed to reduce the social dead weight loss on the urban networks.