Natsume Sōseki and William James:

“Impressions” and “Ideas” in Theory of Literature (Bungakuron)

Abstract

　Theory of Literature (Bungakuron) was published in 1907. The formula (F＋f) appears at the beginning of this work. About this unique formula, Sōseki explains as follows: “One can perhaps approach the form of literary substance with the expression (F＋f). F here indicates impressions or ideas at the focal point of consciousness, while f signifies the emotions that attended them.”

　The notion “F” is defined as “impressions or ideas at the focal point of consciousness.” The main purpose of this paper is to offer an interpretation of “F,” and in particular focuses on the terms “impressions” and “ideas” in comparison with the idea of William James in his published work, The Principles of Psychology. Sōseki admitted that he was influenced by James. In fact, it can be said that the unique formula of Theory of Literature is based on James’ concept of “stream of consciousness.” In preceding studies, it is claimed that “impressions” and “ideas”come from David Hume and the notion “F” is also influenced by Hume’s thought. On the contrary, by examining The Principles of Psychology in detail, I suggest that these ideas are influenced not by Hume but by James. Considering what James says, the paper will argue that the unique formula of Theory of Literature is based on James’ idea.