Regional, high-resolution sensitivity mapping for onshore wind farms and birds: A case study from Hokkaido detailing a methodological framework, target species selection, data collection, and mapping

Abstract

The construction of wind power farms is expected to impact bird habitat. In Europe, nature conservation groups have created sensitivity maps prior to wind farm construction, allowing for some impacts to be avoided during the planning stage. The Wild Bird Society of Japan undertook a similar task for the northern portion of Hokkaido; proposed and existing wind farms, rare bird habitat, and migratory flyways overlap in this area. Here, we detail the process used to create a sensitivity map. First, we compiled informal literature review of sensitivity mapping approaches both within and outside of Japan. Then we consulted with experts and local stakeholders to select a methodological approach for our study region and applied that approach to data collected from multiple field surveys. Twenty-three bird species were targeted for sensitivity mapping and our resulting map included 84 grid cells of 5 × 5 km each. Our results suggest that bird species will be most vulnerable to wind farm construction in the western and northern portions of the study area. This is due to the occurrence of endangered bird habitat and migratory routes for sea eagles, geese, and swans in this area.