onsideration on independence/autonomy by comparison between adolescence and adulthood

-From the viewpoint of adaptive dependence and ``amae''-

Abstract

To define adaptive dependence in characteristics of independence and autonomy, we have reconstructed a scale that based on the previous autonomy scales (Hishida et al. 2010, 2011a and 2014). A result of a survey answered by 1300 subjects (661 males and 639 females; from teens to forties, average age of 35.69) showed that this scale was able to extract seven factors: “uniqueness”, “future prospect”, “amae”, “susceptibility to influence”, “excessive hard work”, “emotion control” and, “recognition of independence”. Further individual analysis of these seven factors revealed the presence of generational difference in five factors: “uniqueness”, “amae”, “susceptibility to influence”, “excessive hard work”，and “emotion control”. These data indicate that independence and autonomy are related to development and environment, as well as adaptive dependence, which is different from “amae”.