Measurement of Cardiac Output by the Thermodilution Method in Conscious Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

Koji WATANABE; Toshikazu NISHIO; Chuzo MORI; Masahiro KIHARA; Yukio YAMORI

doi:10.1536/ihj.25.1051

Koji WATANABE, Toshikazu NISHIO, Chuzo MORI, Masahiro KIHARA, Yukio YAMORI

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Keywords: Cardiac output, Thermodilution method, Spontaneously hypertensive rat, Conscious state

JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

1984 Volume 25 Issue 6 Pages 1051-1058

DOI https://doi.org/10.1536/ihj.25.1051

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Published: 1984 Received: February 03, 1984 Available on J-STAGE: December 09, 2008 Accepted: - Advance online publication: - Revised: -
Correction information
Date of correction: December 09, 2008 Reason for correction: - Correction: ABSTRACT Details: Wrong : The usefulness of the thermodilution method for measuring cardiac output (CO) was evaluated in awake rats by comparison with electromagnetic flowmetry. CO was measured in 3- and 6-month-old conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). The correlation co-efficient between CO obtained by the two methods was 0.66 (p<0.01). Although CO values obtained by the thermodilution technique tended to be overestimated in comparison with those determined by electromagnetic flowmetry, this method was shown to be useful for measuring CO in unanesthetized rats because of its technical simplicity. Left ventricular mass (LVM) and the ratio of CO to LVM were significantly greater in SHR than in WKY at both ages and CO/LVM increased with increasing age in SHR.The ratio of heart work (HW) to body weight (HW/BW) was increased only in 3-month-old SHR compared with WKY and there was no difference in HW/LVM in 3- and 6-month-old SHR compared with age-matched WKY. The present results suggest that the development of cardiac hypertrophy in SHR is an adaptation to the increased HW due to high afterload.
Right : The usefulness of the thermodilution method for measuring cardiac output (CO) was evaluated in awake rats by comparison with electromagnetic flowmetry. CO was measured in 3- and 6-month-old conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). The correlation coefficient between CO obtained by the two methods was 0.66 (p< 0.01). Although CO values obtained by the thermodilution technique tended to be overestimated in comparison with those determined by electromagnetic flowmetry, this method was shown to be useful for measuring CO in unanesthetized rats because of its technical simplicity. Left ventricular mass (LVM) and the ratio of CO to LVM were significantly greater in SHR than in WKY at both ages and CO/LVM increased with increasing age in SHR. The ratio of heart work (HW) to body weight (HW/BW) was increased only in 3-month-old SHR compared with WKY and there was no difference in HW/LVM in 3- and 6-month-old SHR compared with age-matched WKY. The present results suggest that the development of cardiac hypertrophy in SHR is an adaptation to the increased HW due to high afterload.

Date of correction: December 09, 2008 Reason for correction: - Correction: AFFILIATION Details: Wrong :
1) Departments of Pediatrics of Shimane Medical University
2) Departments of Pathology of Shimane Medical University

Right :
1) the Department of Pediatrics of Shimane Medical University
2) the Department of Pathology of Shimane Medical University

Date of correction: December 09, 2008 Reason for correction: - Correction: CITATION Details: Wrong : 1. Yamori Y: Physiopathology of the various strains of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertension-Physiology and Treatment, 2nd Ed, by Genest J, Otto K, Hamet P, Cantin M, McGraw-Hill, New York, p 556, 1983
2. Pfeffer MA, Pfeffer JM, Frohlich ED: Pumping ability of the hypertrophying left ventricle of the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Circulat Res 38: 423, 1976
3. Pfeffer MA, Frohlich DE: Hemodynamics and myocardial function in young and old normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats. Circulat Res 32-33(Suppl I): 28, 1973
4. Pfeffer MA, Frohlich DE, Pfeffer JM, Weiss AK: Pathophysiological implications of the increased cardiac output of young spontaneously hypertensive rats. Circulat Res 34-35(Suppl I): 235, 1974
5. Pfeffer JM, Pfeffer MA, Fletcher P, Braunwald E: Alterations of cardiac performance in rats with established spontaneous hypertension. Am J Cardiol 44: 994, 1979
6. Hällback AM, Julius S, Lundgren Y, Stage L, Weiss L, Folkow B: Arterial pressure, cardiac output and systemic resistance before and after pithing in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats. Acta Physiol Scand 94: 378, 1975
7. Lundin S, Friberg P, Hallbach-Nordlander M: Left ventricular hypertrophy improves cardiac performance in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Acta Physiol Scand 114: 321, 1982
8. Numao Y, Suga H, Iriuchijima J: Hemodynamics of spontaneously hypertensive rats in conscious state. Jpn Heart J 16: 719, 1975
9. Smith TL, Hutchins PM: Central hernodynamics in the developmental stage of spontaneous hypertension in unanesthetized rats. Hypertension 1: 508, 1975
10. Iriuchijima J, Teranishi Y: Cardiac output in conscious and almost unrestrained spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hiroshima J Med Sci 31: 259, 1982
11. Lundin S, Hallbach-Nordlander M, Gothberg G, Folkow B: Hemodynamic consequences of early cardiovascular structural adaptation in primary hypertension as studied in rats. Contr Nephrol 30: 124, 1982
12. Fegler G: Measurement of cardiac output in anesthetized animals by a thermodilution method. QJ Exper Physiol 39: 153, 1954
13. Evonuk E, Imag CJ, Greenfield W, Eckstein JW: Cardiac output measured by thermal dilution of room temperature injectate. J Appl Physiol 16: 271, 1961
14. Pavek K, Boska DE, Selecky FV: Measurement of cardiac output by thermodilution with constant rate injection of indicator. Circulat Res 15: 311, 1064
15. Forrester JS, Ganz W, Diamond G, McHugh T, Chonrtte DW, Swan HJC: Thermodilution cardiac output determination with a single flow-directed catheter. Am Heart J 83: 306, 1972
16. Tobia AJ, Walsh GM, Lee JY: Hemodynamic alterations in the young spontaneously hy-pertensive rat: elevated total systemic and hindquarter vascular resistance. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 146: 670, 1974
17. Katz LN, Kolin A: The flow of blood in the carotid artery of the dog under various circumstances as determined with the electromagnetic flowmeter. Am J Physiol 122: 788, 1938
18. Rushmer RF: Shrinkage of the heart in anesthetized, thoracotomized dogs. Circulat Res 2: 22, 1954
19. Ledingham JM, Pelling D: Cardiac output and peripheral resistance in experimental renal hypertension. Circulat Res 20-21(Suppl II): 187, 1967
20. Ferrario CM, McCubbin JM, Page IH: Hemodynamic characteristics of chronic experimental neurogenic hypertension in unanesthetized dogs. Circulat Res 24: 911, 1969
21. Ferrario CM, Page IH, McCubbin JM: Increased cardiac output as a contributory factor in experimental renal hypertension in dogs. Circulat Res 27: 799, 1970
22. Coleman TG, Guyton AC: Hypertension caused by salt loading in the dog. II. Onset transients of cardiac output and other variables. Circulat Res 25: 153, 1969
23. Yamori Y: Interaction of neural and nonneural factors in the pathogenesis of spontaneous hypertension. The Nervous System in Arterial Hypertension, ed by Julius S, Esler M, Charles C Thomas, Springfield, I11, p 17, 1976
24. Folkow B, Hallback M, Lundgren Y, Sivertsson R, Weiss L: Importance of adaptive changes in vascular design for establishment of primary hypertension, studied in man and in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Circulat Res 32-33(Suppl I): 2, 1973

Right : 1. Yamori Y: Physiopathology of the various strains of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertension-Physiology and Treatment, 2nd Ed, by Genest J, Otto K, Hamet P, Cantin M, McGraw-Hill, New York, p 556, 1983
2. Pfeffer MA, Pfeffer JM, Frohlich ED: Pumping ability of the hypertrophying left ventricle of the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Circulat Res 38: 423, 1976
3. Pfeffer MA, Frohlich DE: Hemodynamics and myocardial function in young and old normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats. Circulat Res 32-33(Suppl I): 28, 1973
4. Pfeffer MA, Frohlich DE, Pfeffer JM, Weiss AK: Pathophysiological implications of the increased cardiac output of young spontaneously hypertensive rats. Circulat Res 34-35(Suppl I): 235, 1974
5. Pfeffer JM, Pfeffer MA, Fletcher P, Braunwald E: Alterations of cardiac performance in rats with established spontaneous hypertension. Am J Cardiol 44: 994, 1979
6. Hällback AM, Julius S, Lundgren Y, Stage L, Weiss L, Folkow B: Arterial pressure, cardiac output and systemic resistance before and after pithing in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats. Acta Physiol Scand 94: 378, 1975
7. Lundin S, Friberg P, Hallbach-Nordlander M: Left ventricular hypertrophy improves cardiac performance in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Acta Physiol Scand 114: 321, 1982
8. Numao Y, Suga H, Iriuchijima J: Hemodynamics of spontaneously hypertensive rats in conscious state. Jpn Heart J 16: 719, 1975
9. Smith TL, Hutchins PM: Central hemodynamics in the developmental stage of spontaneous hypertension in unanesthetized rats. Hypertension 1: 508, 1975
10. Iriuchijima J, Teranishi Y: Cardiac output in conscious and almost unrestrained spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hiroshima J Med Sci 31: 259, 1982
11. Lundin S, Hallbach-Nordlander M, Gothberg G, Folkow B: Hemodynamic consequences of early cardiovascular structural adaptation in primary hypertension as studied in rats. Contr Nephrol 30: 124, 1982
12. Fegler G: Measurement of cardiac output in anesthetized animals by a thermodilution method. QJ Exper Physiol 39: 153, 1954
13. Evonuk E, Imag CJ, Greenfield W, Eckstein JW: Cardiac output measured by thermal dilution of room temperature injectate. J Appl Physiol 16: 271, 1961
14. Pavek K, Boska DE, Selecky FV: Measurement of cardiac output by thermodilution with constant rate injection of indicator. Circulat Res 15: 311, 1064
15. Forrester JS, Ganz W, Diamond G, McHugh T, Chonrtte DW, Swan HJC: Thermodilution cardiac output determination with a single flow-directed catheter. Am Heart J 83: 306, 1972
16. Tobia AJ, Walsh GM, Lee JY: Hemodynamic alterations in the young spontaneously hypertensive rat: elevated total systemic and hindquarter vascular resistance. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 146: 670, 1974
17. Katz LN, Kolin A: The flow of blood in the carotid artery of the dog under various circumstances as determined with the electromagnetic flowmeter. Am J Physiol 122: 788, 1938
18. Rushmer RF: Shrinkage of the heart in anesthetized, thoracotomized dogs. Circulat Res 2: 22, 1954
19. Ledingham JM, Pelling D: Cardiac output and peripheral resistance in experimental renal hypertension. Circulat Res 20-21(Suppl II): 187, 1967
20. Ferrario CM, McCubbin JM, Page IH: Hemodynamic characteristics of chronic experimental neurogenic hypertension in unanesthetized dogs. Circulat Res 24: 911, 1969
21. Ferrario CM, Page IH, McCubbin JM: Increased cardiac output as a contributory factor in experimental renal hypertension in dogs. Circulat Res 27: 799, 1970
22. Coleman TG, Guyton AC: Hypertension caused by salt loading in the dog. II. Onset transients of cardiac output and other variables. Circulat Res 25: 153, 1969
23. Yamori Y: Interaction of neural and nonneural factors in the pathogenesis of spontaneous hypertension. The Nervous System in Arterial Hypertension, ed by Julius S, Esler M, Charles C Thomas, Springfield, III, p 17, 1976
24. Folkow B, Hallback M, Lundgren Y, Sivertsson R, Weiss L: Importance of adaptive changes in vascular design for establishment of primary hypertension, studied in man and in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Circulat Res 32-33(Suppl I): 2, 1973

Date of correction: December 09, 2008 Reason for correction: - Correction: PDF FILE Details: -

Abstract

The usefulness of the thermodilution method for measuring cardiac output (CO) was evaluated in awake rats by comparison with electromagnetic flowmetry. CO was measured in 3- and 6-month-old conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). The correlation coefficient between CO obtained by the two methods was 0.66 (p< 0.01). Although CO values obtained by the thermodilution technique tended to be overestimated in comparison with those determined by electromagnetic flowmetry, this method was shown to be useful for measuring CO in unanesthetized rats because of its technical simplicity. Left ventricular mass (LVM) and the ratio of CO to LVM were significantly greater in SHR than in WKY at both ages and CO/LVM increased with increasing age in SHR. The ratio of heart work (HW) to body weight (HW/BW) was increased only in 3-month-old SHR compared with WKY and there was no difference in HW/LVM in 3- and 6-month-old SHR compared with age-matched WKY. The present results suggest that the development of cardiac hypertrophy in SHR is an adaptation to the increased HW due to high afterload.

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