Evaluation of Chemical Contaminants in Recycled Water for Firefighting

Abstract

One particular application of recycled water is for firefighting purposes, in situations when water supply is limited. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether the guidance endorsed by the use of Queensland Class A+ or Queensland Class B recycled water for firefighting is appropriate to control potential risks to firefighters. As part of this assessment, a study of chemical contaminants was undertaken at an urban water treatment facility producing recycled water using dual reticulation to evaluate the water in terms of its use for firefighting purposes. The health risks to firefighters from recycled water mains were associated with the chemical and endotoxin composition of Class A+ recycled water produced by advanced water treatment plants relative to the potable water supply. While the coverage of microbial hazards was detailed, the specific reference to chemical hazards was limited to endotoxins and briefly mentioned the health effects from exposure to chemicals through chronic exposure to contaminated water rather than from short-term (acute) exposure. An additional objective was to identify if further study of chemical contaminants at the designated water treatment facility producing recycled water was examined to give a better understanding of less well-known contaminants (fluoride, molybdenum, and selenium). The comprehensive data set of microbiological data from another study was combined with the current chemical contaminant study in a more informed risk assessment. The overall finding from the risk assessment was that the Class A+ recycled water from the water treatment facility evaluated in this study would be safe for firefighting. The summary statement of applicability based on an extensive review and analysis of risk data through exposure to contaminated water concluded that health risks tend to manifest as a result of prolonged (chronic) exposure rather than from short-term sporadic (acute) exposure.