2017 Volume 30 Issue 1 Pages 10-19
It is necessary to install a large number of renewable energy (RE) systems such as photovoltaic systems (PVs) to solve environmental problems. However, an electricity grid with RE systems experiences problems such as power shortages and surpluses because of uncertainties in generating outputs. Demand response (DR) can restrain both shortages and surpluses caused by PV outputs,but also increase power shortages and surpluses due to the uncertainties in DR capabilities. This research employs energy storage systems (ESSs) to reduce both power shortages and surpluses, and formulates the optimization problem of facility allocation and determination of the DR participation rate to minimize the number of installed ESSs, as they are very costly. To solve this optimization problem, we propose “slow” and “fast” ESSs, which can quantify the impacts of the increase in participants of the DR. As a result, this study demonstrates that an optimal allocation of PVs and ESSs can be achieved that enables the minimization of installed ESSs, satisfies the PVs installation target, and satisfies the constraints of the probabilistic indices for shortage and surplus to evaluate the uncertainties of PV outputs and DR capabilities. Moreover, the DR participation rate is determined in the same optimization problem.
