The Evolution of Viscerocranium in Vertebrates—A Simple Theory in Life Science—

Abstract

This paper investigates the functions and biomechanical properites of the viscerocranium from the perspective of phylogenic evolution. A new concept of the mechanical skeletal masticatory apparatus is proposed. Combines trilateral research in morphology (phylogeny-ontogeny), molecular genetics, and biomechanics, was reviewed in order to answer the question“What is the viscerocranium, i. e. face ?” For this purpose consideration of the basic construction of vertebrates and evolution in vertebrate was studied. For an insight into the basic skeletal construction in the viscerocranium, especially in the masticatory structure, the biological and biomechanical properties of the tooth were also investigated.
Establishment of basic construction of the vertebrates was carried out during neoteny (larval form evolution) of the hemicordata, which integrated the respiration, nutrients, and excretion system into only one tube of the gut. Through evolution of the vertebrate, mammals evolved after four kinds of vertebrate-revolution. These evolutional phenomena can be seen as revolutionary transformation of morphology in biomechanical responses to environmental changes. Through these evolutional transitions, various kinds of concerns develop between morphology and the function of organs in the human body from the standpoint of basement construction of the vertebrates. Through this study immune system was studied and a new concept for immunology as cytological digestion system was also proposed.